Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Operational
Control
Managerial
Control
Structured
Accts. Recviable
Order Entry
Budget analysis
Short-term
forecasting
Personnel Reports
Semi
Structured
Production
scheduling
Inventory control
Credit evaluation
Plant layout
Project scheduling
Unstructured
Selecting
magazine cover
Buying software,
Approving loans
Technology
support
MIS
Management
science
Strategic
Planning
Technology
support
DSS
DSS
EIS
Machine learning
EIS
ES
Machine learning
Network Computing
Commercial internet application evolve through four major
phases: presence, e-commerce, collaboration, and integration
Presence
E-commerce
Collaboration and
interaction
Integration and
Services
Emphasis
Eyeball
(human review)
Revue, expansion
Profit
Capabilities,
services
Type of
transaction
No transaction
B2C,C2C,C2B,G2C
, e-CRM
B2B,B2E,supply
chain, c-commerce
G2B
Portals, e-learning
m-commerce, Icommerce
Nature
Publish information
Process transaction
Collaborate
Integrate, provide
services
Target
Pages
Process transaction
Digital systems
Digital
environments
Concentrate on
Websites
Web-enabled
existing systems,
dot-coms
Business
transformation
consolidation
Internal and
external integration
1993-1994
1995-1999
2000-2001
2001-2005
Discovery
The internet permits users to access information located
in databases all over the world. The discovery capability
can facilitate education, government services,
entertainment and commerce.
Discovery is done by browsing and searching data
sources on the web. The major problem of discovery is
the huge amount of information available. The solution is
to use different types of search and other software
agents.
Software agent : computer programs that carry out a set
of routine computer tasks on behalf of the user and in so
doing employ some sort of knowledge of the users
goals.
6
Portals
Portal: A Web-based personalized gateway to
information and knowledge that provides information
from disparate IT systems and the Internet, using
advanced search and indexing techniques.
Commercial (Public) Portal: Web site that offers fairly
routine content for diverse audiences; offers
customization only at the user interface.
Publishing Portal: Web site intended for communities
with specific interests; offers little customization of
content, but provides extensive online search and some
interactive capabilities.
9
Portals
Personal Portal: Web site that targets specific filtered
information for individuals; offers narrow content but is
typically personalized for an audience of one.
Affinity Portal: Web site that offers a single point of entry
to an entire community of affiliated interests.
Mobile Portal. Web site that is accessible from mobile
devices.
Voice Portal. Web site with audio interface, enabling
access by a standard or cell phone; uses both speech
recognition and text- to speech technologies.
Corporate Portal. web site that provides single point of
access to critical business information located inside and
outside of an organization.
10
Communication
Place and time can be used to create a framework for
classifying IT communication and collaboration support
technologies (same time/same place; same
time/different place; different time/same place; Different
time/different place)
Asynchronous Communication. Communication in
which a message sent at a certain time is received
some time later (e.g., e-mail)
Synchronous (real- time) Communication .
Communication in which a message is sent at a
certain time and received almost simultaneously (e.g.,
telephone, instant messaging online)
11
A framework for IT
ommunication
12
14
Collaboration
15
Virtual Collaboration
Virtual collaboration. The use of digital technologies that
enable organization or individuals to collaboratively plan,
design, develop, manage, and research products
services , and innovative IT and EC applications.
Collaborative commerce. Collaboration among business
partners.
Collaboration Networks: Collaboration took place among
supply chain members, frequently those that were close
to each other (e.g., a manufacturer and its distributor, or
a distributor and a retailer)
16
17
Groupware
19
20
Intranet
An internal corporate network built using Internet
and World Wide Web standards and products that
allows employees of an organization to gain
access to corporate information
Extranet
A network based on Web technologies that links
selected resources of the intranet of a company
with its customers, suppliers, or other business
partners
21
Intranet
A network based on TCP/IP protocols (an internet)
belonging to an organization, usually a corporation,
accessible only by the organization's members,
employees, or others with authorization.
An intranet's Web sites look and act just like any
other Web sites, but the firewall surrounding an
intranet fends off unauthorized access.
Like the Internet itself, intranets are used to share
information.
Secure intranets are now the fastest-growing segment of
the Internet because they are much less expensive to
build and manage than private networks based on
proprietary protocols.
22
Extranet
A new buzzword that refers to an intranet that is
partially accessible to authorized outsiders.
Whereas an intranet resides behind a firewall and
is accessible only to people who are members of
the same company or organization, an extranet
provides various levels of accessibility to outsiders.
You can access an extranet only if you have a valid
username and password, and your identity
determines which parts of the extranet you can view.
Extranets are becoming a very popular means for
business partners to exchange information.
23
Firewall
A device that sits between your internal network and the outside
Internet and limits access into and out of your network based on
your organizations access policy
A system designed to prevent unauthorized access to or from a
private network.
Firewalls can be implemented in both hardware and
software, or a combination of both.
Firewalls are frequently used to prevent unauthorized Internet
users from accessing private networks connected to the Internet,
especially intranets.
All messages entering or leaving the intranet pass through the
firewall, which examines each message and blocks those that do
not meet the specified security criteria.
24
Types of filters
There are several types of firewall techniques:
What is an Extranet?
An extranet is a private network that uses Internet
protocols and the public telecommunication system to
securely share part of a business's information or
operations with suppliers, vendors, partners,
customers, or other businesses.
An extranet can be viewed as part of a company's
Intranet that is extended to users outside the
company.
The same benefits that Web technologies have
brought to corporate Intranets are now starting to
accelerate business between businesses.
26
More on Extranets
Extranets can be used to exchange large volumes of
data, share product catalogues, share news with
trading partners, collaborate with other companies on
joint development efforts, jointly develop and share
training programs with other companies, provide or
access applications between companies, and much
more.
It may sound like a technology for geeks only. But
many people use extranets every day without realizing
it--to track packaged goods, order products from their
suppliers or access customer assistance from other
companies.
27
More on Extranets
An extranet is a mechanism based
on Internet and Web technology for
communicating both privately and
selectively with your customers and
business partners.
28
Disadvantages of Extranets
The benefits of extranets, such as reduced time to
market and cost of doing business, and faster access to
partner information, may be outweighed by the costs
security, Web servers and development, legacy systems
integration, ongoing support and maintenance.
Extranets require a large amount of IS time and energy,
much more than what it takes to get an intranet or Web
site up and running, which may place it at the bottom of
the IS group's to-do list.
31
32
33
Communications processors
Hardware devices that support data transmission and reception
across a telecommunications system.
Modem: :Device that converts signals from analog to digital and vice
versa.
Multiplexer: Electronic device that allows a single communications
channel to carry data transmission simultaneously from many sources.
Front-end processor: A small secondary computer, dedicated solely
to communication, that manages all routing communications with
peripheral devices.
[Bandwidth. The range of frequencies available in a communications
channel stated in bits per second.]
Transmission speed
A mediums capacity is determined by the range of bits per second
at which it can operate.
Baud
Repeater
34
35
Guided Media
Twisted-pairs wire:
Copper wire twisted together in pairs used for most
business telephone wiring .
Telephone line made of a pair of copper wires twisted to
reduce electromagnetic interference (EMI)
Coaxial cable.
Insulated copper wire;
used to carry high-speed data traffic and television
signals.
More expensive than twisted pair.
Greater transmission rate than twisted pair
Much less susceptible to EMI
36
Guided Media
Fibre- optic cable.
Thousand of very thin filaments of glass fibers,
surround by cladding, that transmit information
via light pulses generated by lasers.
Fiber-optic technology uses light instead of
electricity to transmit data.
37
Unguided Media
Microwave transmission:
Communication channel that uses towers to send
wireless signals;
used for high-volume,
long-distance,
point-to-point communication.
High-frequency,
short radio-frequency (RF) waves
Terrestrial microwave
Satellite microwave
38
Unguided Media
Radio transmission: Communications channel that uses
radio wave frequencies to send data directly between
transmitters and receivers over short distances.
Satellite radio (digital radio): Form of radio transmission that
offers uninterrupted, near CD-quality music beamed to your
radio from space.
Cellular radio technology. Use of radio transmission
between cells in geographic service areas and a mobile
telephone switching office, enabling wireless phone service.
Personal communication services (PCS) technology.
Wireless communication technology that uses lower-power,
higher-frequency radio waves than cellular radio technology,
making PCS devices effective in places where cellular
devices are not.
Infrared. Red light not commonly visible to human eyes; can
be modulated or pulsed for conveying information.
39
Network services
Computer network. A system connecting
communications media, hardware, and software
needed of two or more computer systems and/ or
devices.
Switched lines. Telephone lines through which data
transmissions can be routed or switched to their
destination.
Dedicated lines (leased lines). telephone line that
provide a constant connection between two devices
and require no switching or dialing.
40
Integrated services digital network (ISDN). A highspeed technology that allows users to transfer voice,
video, image, and data simultaneously, over existing
telephone lines.
Digital subscriber line (DSL). A high-speed, digital
data-transmission technology using existing analog
telephone lines.
41
Telecommunications in Business
Telecommunications
Any form of long distance communication,
including telephone, television and radio
Telecommunications has improved business in three
main ways:
Better communication
Higher efficiency
Better distribution of data
42
43
Communication Direction
Three Modes of Communication Between Devices
Simplex
One direction only
Half-Duplex
Both directions, but only one at a time
Full-Duplex
Simultaneous in both directions
44
Communication Direction
Asynchronous Communication
In asynchronous transmission, the devices are not
synchronized by any timing aids.
Advantage
Does not need sophisticated and expensive timing
hardware
Disadvantage
Overhead, time spent transmitting bits that are not
a part of the primary data
45
Communication Modes
Synchronous Communication
In synchronous communication, data are transmitted
using timing devices.
Messages are transmitted in packets.
Advantage of synchronous communication
Overhead in synchronous communication is
significantly smaller than in asynchronous
communication.
46
Protocols
Definition
Rules and procedures governing transmission across
a network
Line access
Collision avoidance
TCP/IP
Standard protocol of the Internet and intranets
Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol
Designed for sending large files across unreliable
networks
Utilizes packets of information
47
OSI Standard
Seven Layer Model
Governs peer-to-peer communication between
software at each layer
From physical layer (how bits are transmitted over a
channel)
To application layer (file transfer, security, etc)
48
50
51
Networks
LANs (Local Area Networks)
Networks within a building, or within a group of
adjacent buildings
WANs (Wide Area Networks)
Networks across significant distances, either within a
single organization or spanning multiple organizations
Value-added networks (VANs)
Wireless communication
52
Network Topology
Network topologies
53
Networks Devices
Bridge
Connects two networks at the data link layer
Router
Connects two networks at network layer
Provides intelligent routing, some network
management functions and security
Gateways
Connect networks using different protocols
Switches
Incorporate features of bridges and gateways
54
Client/Server Computing
Enabled by proliferation of powerful desktop
computers and decentralized servers
Principle
Processing functions divided between to
separate, distinct computers
One requests services of a server (the client)
One delivers a service upon request (the server)
55
56
57
58
59
Network protocols
Protocol. The set of rules and procedures governing
transmission across a network
Ethernet. The most common network protocol.
Gigabit Ethernet. The most common network protocol
in large corporations, which provides data
transmission speeds of one billion bits per second.
Transmission control protocol / internet protocol
(TCP/IP). A file transfer protocol that can send large
files of information across sometimes- unreliable
networks with assurance that the data will arrive
uncorrupted.
60
61
(ISO-OSI)
Layer 4: transport layer: defines the protocols for
structuring messages.
Layer 5: session layer : coordinates communications
and maintains the session for as long as needed
including security and log-on functions.
Layer 6: presentation layer; defines the way data is
formatted, converted and encoded
Layer7: application layer. Defines the way that
applications programs such as e-mail interact with
the network
62
63
64
LAN technology
File server. A repository of various software and data files
for the network, which determines who gets access to
what and in what sequence
Network interface card. Hardware that specifics the data
transmission rate, the size of message units, the
addressing information attached to each message and
network topology.
Gateway. A communications processor that connects
dissimilar networks by translating from one set of
protocols to another
Bridge. A communications processor that connects two
networks of the same type.
Router. A communications processor that routes message
through several connected LANs or to a wide area
network.
65
LAN
Personal computer LANs
Low cost
Limited data rate
Back end networks
Interconnecting large systems (mainframes and large
storage devices)
High data rate
High speed interface
Distributed access
Limited distance
Limited number of devices
66
LAN Applications
LAN Architecture
Topologies
Transmission medium
Layout
Medium access control
68
Topologies
Bus
Mesh
Star
Ring
Hybrid
69
Topologies
70
Choice of Topology
Reliability
Expandability
Performance
Needs considering in context of:
Medium
Wiring layout
Access control
71
OAS
OAS are configurations of networked computer hardware
and software.
Applied to business and communication functions that
used to be performed manually or in multiple locations of
a company
Functions integrated Include : e-publishing, ecommunication, e-collaboration, image processing, office
management
OAS
Electronic Publishing
Include word processing and desktop publishing.
Word processing software allows users to create, edit,
revise, store and print documents(letters, memos,
reports and manuscripts)
DTP software(eg Adobe pagemaker, Corel Ventura, MS
Publisher) enables users to integrate text, graphics,
images to produce high quality printable output.Used to
create professional looking publications
OAS
Electronic Communication includes e-mail, voice mail,
Fax, desktop vide conferencing
E-mail : Users can create, send and receive messages,
files from anywhere.
Voice mail
Fax(facsimile): Scans a document containing both text
and graphics and sends it as electronic signals over
ordinary telephone lines
Desktop videoconferencing: Requires a desktop
computer and a special application software(CUseeME)
as well as small camera installed on top of the monitor.
Images are captured and sent across the network
OAS
Electronic collaboration
E meeting and collaborative work systems allows teams
to use network of micro computers to share information,
update schedules and plans and cooperate on projects
regardless of the geographical distance
Special software called groupware is needed to allow
two or more people to edit
OAS
OAS
Image Processing
Include electronic document management, presentation
graphics and multi media systems
Convert text, drawings and photographs into digital form
that can be stored in a computer system
This digital form can be manipulated, stored, printed or
sent via a modem to another computer.
Use scanners, digital cameras, video capture cards or
advanced graphic computers
OAS
Presentation graphics uses graphics and data from
other software tools to create and display information,.
Includes charts, bullet lists, text, sound, photos,
animation and video clips.
Multi media systems integrate media like graphic,
sound, voice, video
Office Management : Include electronic office
accessories, electronic scheduling, and task
management. Help organise people, project and data
Business dates, appointments, notes and client contact
information can be created, edited, stored and retrieved
Characteristics of ESS
Characteristics of ESS
Support the need for External Data
The data need to make effective top-level decisions
is often external information from competitors.
An effective ESS is able to extract data useful to
decision maker from wide variety of resources.
Have a future Orientation
Executive decisions are future oriented, meaning that
decisions will have a broad impact for years or decades.
The information sources to support future oriented
decision making are usually informal.
Characteristics of ESS
Are Linked with value added Business Process:
Capabilities of ESS
Support for Strategic Planning : This involves determining
long term objectives by analyzing the strengths and
weakness of the organization, predicting future trends and
projective the development of new product lines.
Support for Strategic Control : Another type of executive
decision relates to strategic control, which involves
monitoring & managing overall operation of the organization.
Goal seeking can be done for each major area to determine
what performance these areas need to achieve to reach
corporate exceptions.
Capabilities of ESS
Support for Crisis Management