INTRODUCTION

Air and fuel are supplied to an I.C.Engine where

exothermic reactions take place inside the combustion
chamber and the heat energy is converted into useful
work.
To produce energy inside the engine , air fuel mixture
is to be burnt in correct amount. For mixing the air and
fuel in correct range different devices are used.
The preparation of a homogeneous mixture of air-fuel
vapour mixture requires atomisation of liquid fuel
droplets and mixing the finely divided fuel particles
with air. The atomisation is accomplished by spraying
the liquid fuel through a nozzle into a stream of air
which is moving with large velocity.

CARBURETOR
Petrol vehicles use device called carburetor for
supplying the air fuel mixture in correct ratio to
cylinders in all rpm ranges. due to construction of
the carburetor is relatively simple, it has been
used almost exclusively on gasoline engines in
the past.
These days in place of the carburetor, the MPFI
(multi point fuel injection) system is used,
assuring proper air fuel ratio to the engine by
electrically injecting fuel in accordance with
various driving conditions.

FUEL ATOMISATION
During fuelling of a cylinder the fuel is pressurised
which causes the fuel to become a vapour,
allowing it to burn easily (compared to the fuel
being delivered to the cylinder in liquid form)

OBJECTIVES OF FUEL
INJECTION SYSTEM

1.

2.
3.
4.
5.

The injection system of the compression ignition

engine should fulfill the following objectives
consistently and precisely:
Meter the appropriate quantity of fuel, as
demanded by the speed of, and the load on, the
engine at the given time.
Distribute the metered fuel equally among
cylinders in a multi-cylinder engine.
Inject the fuel at the correct time (with respect
to crank angle) in the cycle.
Inject the fuel at the correct rate (per unit time
or crank angle degree).
Begin and end injection sharply without
dribbling.

There are two major divisions of Fuel Injection

systems:
Solid

Injection systems, which inject only the liquid fuel

through the injectors.
Air Injection systems, which inject air along with the
liquid fuel

VARIOUS INJECTION SYSTEM

MPFI
system

Port
injection

Throttle
Body
injection

D-MPFI
System

L-MPFI
System

THROTTLE BODY INJECTION SYSTEM

The throttle body injection (TBI) system uses one or two

injector valves mounted in a throttle body assembly. The
injectors spray fuel into the top of the throttle body air horn.
The TBI fuel spray mixes with the air flowing through the
air horn. The mixture is then pulled into the engine by
intake manifold vacuum.

Throttle Body Injection System

L & D MPFI GASOLINE INJECTION

SYSTEM
I-mpfi system stands for IntelligentMultiPoint Fuel Injection System , and
D-mpfi system stands for Direct-Multi Point
Fuel Injection System.

D-MPFI GASOLINE INJECTION

SYSTEM

The D-MPFI system is the manifold fuel injection

system . In this type , the vacuum in the intake
manifold is first sensed .In addition the volume of
air is sensed by its density . As air enters into the
intake manifold ,the manifold pressure sensor
detects the intake manifold vacuum and sends the
information to the ECU . The speed sensor also
sends the information about the rpm of the engine
to the ECU . The ECU in turn sends command to
the injector to regulate the amount of gasoline
supply for injection . When the injectors spray fuel
in the intake manifold the gasoline mixes with the
air and the mixture enters the cylinder.

L & D MPFI GASOLINE INJECTION

SYSTEM

INTRODUCTION

MPFI- a technology used in petrol engines

Uses a small computer to control the cars engine

In MPFI engine one fuel injector is installed

near each cylinder ,that is why it is called multi
point fuel injection.
Before MPFI system, there was a technology
called Carburetor .

The computer in the MPFI system decides what

amount of fuel to inject
System also learns from the drivers driving
habits
MPFI system makes engine fuel efficient .

MAIN COMPONENTS OF MPFI SYSTEM

This system has four major components they are:
a)Air intake system
i.
ii.

Throttle body
Idle air control valve

b)Fuel delivery system

iii.
iv.
v.

Fuel pump
Pressure regulator system
Injector

c)Electronic control system

Engine Control Module (ECM)
vii. On-Board diagnostic system
vi.

AIR INTAKE SYSTEM

The air (corresponding to the throttle valve
opening) is filtered by the air cleaner, passes
through the throttle body, and is distributed by
the intake manifold and finally drawn into each
combustion chamber. When the lAC valve is
opened according to the signal from ECM, the air
bypasses the throttle valve through bypass
passage and is finally drawn into the intake
manifold.

FUEL DELIVERY SYSTEM

The fuel in the fuel tank is pumped up by the
fuel pump, filtered by fuel filter and fed under
pressure to each injector through the delivery
'pipe. As the fuel pressure applied to the injector
is always kept a certain amount higher than the
pressure in the intake manifold by the fuel
pressure regulator, the fuel is injected into the
intake port of the cylinder head when the injector
opens according to the injection signal form
ECM. The fuel relieved by the fuel pressure
regulator return through the fuel return to the
fuel tank.

INJECTORS
The opening of the injector is controlled by the vehicles ECU
The injector is supplied with the battery voltage via a relay,
the earth circuit is controlled by the ECU
When the circuit is completed by the ECU a solenoid
operates, the injector valve opens, fuel is then able to be
sprayed into the inlet manifold
The valve moves roughly 1.5-10 milliseconds. This is known
an injector duration or opening time
The ECU will make amendments to the duration depending
on engine temperature, loading air temperature and battery
voltage

THE ROLE OF THE INJECTORS

The injector delivers a finely atomized spray of
fuel into the inlet port
The injectors also vary the amount of fuel
delivered to suit the engines conditions
The spray is obtained by passing fuel (that is
pressurised) through the nozzle of the injector
It is located in the inlet manifold near the cylinder
head intake port

TYPES OF INJECTORS
Pintle Type Injector -Offers good
atomization of fuel.
Prone to deposit build up on the Pintle
valve (deposits can reduce the amount of
fuel flow, and therefore the vehicle will
run leaner than recommended.
2. Hole type injector - Fuel is delivered
through holes drilled in a director plate at
the injector tip.
Offers good fuel atomization and gives
better resistance to deposit build-up.
1.

The injector is placed on the

side of the intake manifold
near the intake port
Every cylinder is provided
with an injector in its intake
manifold .

ELECTRONIC CONTROL SYSTEM

The electronic control system consist of various

sensors which detect the stateofengine and
driving conditions, ECM which controls various
devices according tothesignals from the sensors
and Various controlled devices. The systems are
Fuel injection control
system
Idle speed control system
Fuel pump control system,
Ignition control system,
Radiator fan control system,

ELECTRONIC CONTROL UNITS

CHIP

WORKING
Injection nozzle atomizes fuel into very small
droplets.
Achieved by providing loaded valve needle forcing
out fuel through small orifice.
Nozzle valve seats on conical seating due to
spring pressure on spindle.
Spring pressure is suitably adjusted by adjusting
screw to give correct opening pressure to fuel.

Fuel enters to passage drilled in nozzle holder and

flows to an annular groove around needle seat.
The needle (nozzle) valve is then lifted against spring
pressure to allow high pressure fuel to flow into
combustion chamber.
Nozzle valve closes when fuel pressure becomes less
than spindle spring pressure.
Extra fuel going up to nozzle spindle is carried away
through leak-off pipe to fuel tank.

FUNDAMENTALS OF FUEL
INJECTION

MPFI Systems can either be:

Sequential
Simultaneous
Group
These techniques result in better power
balance amongst the cylinders, higher
output from each one of them, along
with faster throttle response .

TYPES OF MPFI SYSTEMS

Simultaneous injectors will operate all (or groups of
injectors) at the same time
Sequential will operate independently and open and
close at different times (determined by the ECU)
Group used in cylinder pairs [in V-series engines]

'Sequential' is the best from the above

considerations of power balance/output
Sefi-Sequential Electronic Fuel Injection technically is the best of the above variants of
MPFI
The on-board ECU primarily controls the
Ignition Timing and quantity of fuel to be
injected .

ADVANTAGES OF MPFI
1.

Improved fuel consumption

2.

Better for the environment

3.

Better performance.

4.

Immediate response, in case of sudden acceleration / deceleration.

5.

No need to crank the engine twice or thrice in case of cold starting as

happens in the carburetor system.

6.

More uniform A/F mixture will be supplied to each cylinder; hence the
difference in power developed in each cylinder is minimum. Vibration
from the engine equipped with this system is less, due to this the life of
engine components is improved.

THANKYOU