WASTE AND ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT IN

PETROCHEMICAL INDUSTRIES
CPE 681
MEMBRANE APPLICATION: REVERSE OSMOSIS,
MICROFILTRATION AND ELECTRO DIALYSIS
GROUP MEMBERS:
NURUL FAHADA BINTI SAARI 2011278488
ANIS FARHANAH BINTI MOHD SUHAIMI YEONG 2011635218
MUHAMMAD AFIQ BIN MOHD HAFEEZ 2011814658

INTRODUCTION
1.

Pressure-driven operations

Microfiltration

Ultrafiltration

Nanofiltration

Reverse osmosis

2. Concentration-driven operations
.

Dialysis

Pervaporation

Forward osmosis

Artificial lung

Gas separation

3. Operations in electric potential gradient

Electrodialysis
Membrane electrolysis
Electrodeionization
Electrofiltration
Fuel cell
4. Operations in temperature gradient
Membrane distillation

Membrane Distillation

Membrane Materials

Commonly used membrane :

Polymers

Metal membrane

Ceramic membranes (metal oxide, carbon, glass)

Liquid membranes

Microfiltration

A type of physical filtration process

A contaminated fluid is passed through a special pore-sized

membrane

To separate microorganisms and suspend particles from the

process

Electrodialysis

Electrodialysis is a separation process using a stack of alternating

anion- and cation-selective membranes separated by spacer
sheets.

Water is passed through the stack of membranes.

Electrical current is applied to the cell, causing the anions to

migrate in one direction and the cations in the other direction.

Reverse Osmosis

Water purification technology that uses a semipermeable membrane to

remove larger particles from drinking water.

An applied pressure is used to overcome osmotic pressure.

Hence, called the reverse osmosis.

How it works?

Membrane Process Characteristics

Reverse Osmosis

Reverse Osmosis

Exert hydraulic pressure

which more than the
osmotic pressure
(natural diffusion of
water)

Diffusion of water into

less concentrated
section, left the
particles behind.
http://www.geafiltration.com/technology/reverse_osmosis_flash.asp

Microfiltration

Nanofiltration

Ultrafiltration

Microfiltration

Its like sieve membrane filtration and differs on its

pore size

Electrodialysis

Ions are transported through semipermeable membranes under the influence

of an electric field

Two different solution generated in this process

One dilute and other concentrate

Electrodialysis (cont)

Differences in Properties

Reverse Osmosis

Properties
Microfiltration

Pore Size

<0.0001

0.01-1.0

<10

Molecular
Molecular Weight
Weight Cutoff
Cutoff

100-300
100-300

>100,000
>100,000

--

Operating
Operating Pressure
Pressure

225-1000
225-1000 psi
psi

<30
<30 psi
psi

Electrical
Electrical potential
potential

Membrane Materials

Cellulose acetate, thin film

composite, polysulfonated
polysulfone.

Ceramics, polypropylene, polysulfone,

polyvinylidenediflouride.

Membrane made of cation or anion

selective matter.

Membrane Configuration

Tubular, spiral wound, plate and

frame.

Tubular, hollow fiber.

Multiple membrane in a row which have

alternate configuration to allow
positively or negatively charged ion to
flow through.

Types of material removed

Metal cations, acids, sugars aqueous

salts, amino acids, monovalent salts,
BOD, COD.

Clay, bacteria, viruses, suspended

solids.

Removal of ion from wastewater.

Electro dialysis

Electro dialysis vs Electrolysis

Electro dialysis

Electrolysis

-Use ion permeable membrane to

separate between two charged plates
of the ionization chamber.
-anode and cathode plates are in
separate compartments.
-Acidic water and alkaline water is
separated.

-Anode and cathode are in the same

chamber.
-the alkaline water from cathode
plate and acidic water from anode
plate are not separated.

Microfiltration vs Ultrafiltration vs Nano

filtration
Microfiltration

Ultrafiltration

Nano filtration

-Served as pretreatment for other

separation process such
as ultrafiltration.
-To prevent particle
such as sediment,
algae, protozoa or large
bacteria.

-Use for pretreatment

of water for nano
filtration or reverse
osmosis.

-Technique use to
remove two valued ion
and larger mono valued
ions.

Reverse Osmosis vs Forward Osmosis

Reverse Osmosis

Forward Osmosis

-Require pressure to push water into

semi permeable membrane to
remove large majority of
contaminant.

-Does not require external pressure

to push solution through membrane.
-Water diffuses spontaneously from
low osmotic pressure solution to
solution with high osmotic pressure.

Applications
Types of membrane

Application

Reverse Osmosis

-Treatment for industrial wastewater

-Drinking water
-Desalination

Microfiltration

-Pharmaceutical process.
-Oil purification
-Regenerate based oil from used oil.

Electro dialysis

-Separation of inorganic and organic

solutions.
-Wine stabilization
-Purifications of salty mine waters

Forward Osmosis

-Waste water treatment

-Food processing
-Water desalination