Statics of Particles

IZMIR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
Department of Architecture
AR231 Fall12/13
2.0 Statics of Particles
25.04.15
Dr. Engin Akta
AR231 Fall12/13
Forces on a Particle
Line of Action
Point of Application
magnitude
50 N
30o
direction
Since the vector has a well defined point of application, it is a
fixed vector, therefore can not be moved without modifications
25.04.15
Dr. Engin Akta
AR231 Fall12/13
Properties of Vector Addition

P
25.04.15
P+Q=Q+P
P
Commutative
Associative
Q
A
S
P+Q
Q+P
Q
Q
Q+S
P+Q+S
P
S
Q
A
+
P
P+Q+S
P+Q+S=(P+Q)+S=P+(Q+S)
Dr. Engin Akta
AR231 Fall12/13
Resultant of several concurrent

forces
P
Using polygon rule
Q
S
25.04.15
A
P+Q+S
Dr. Engin Akta
AR231 Fall12/13
Resolution of a force into

components
Q
A
P
F
A
P
25.04.15
Dr. Engin Akta
Q=60 N
o
25
A
AR231 Fall12/13
Example (Beer & Johnston)

The two forces P and Q act on a bolt A. Determine
P=40 N their resultant.
20o
Q
180-25=155o
25o
R
A
Law of cosines
Law of sines
25.04.15
20
R2=P2+Q2-2PQcosB
R2=(40N)2+(60N)2-2(40N)(60N)cos1550
sin A sin B
Q
R
R=97.73 N
Q sin B 60N sin 155

sin A
R
97.73N
Dr. Engin Akta
AR231 Fall12/13
Example (cntd.)
Law of sines
A=15.04o
The answer is
25.04.15
Q sin B 60N sin 155

sin A
R
97.73N
sin A sin B
Q
R
=20o+A=35.04o
R=97.7 kN
=35.0o
Dr. Engin Akta
AR231 Fall12/13
Example (Beer and Johnston)

A
A barge is pulled by two tugboats. If

the resultant of the forces exerted
by tugboats is a 25 kN force
directed along the axis of barge,
determine the tension in each of the
ropes.
1
30o
45o
2
C
Using law of sines
R=25 kN
o
T2
45o 30
105o
T1
T1
T2
25kN
sin 45 sin 30 sin 105

25kN sin 45
T1
18.30 kN
sin 105
25kN sin 30
T2
12.94 kN
sin 105
25.04.15
Dr. Engin Akta
AR231 Fall12/13
Rectangular Components
y
F
Fy
Fx
25.04.15
Dr. Engin Akta
AR231 Fall12/13
25.04.15
Dr. Engin Akta
10
AR231 Fall12/13
Unit Vectors
y
Magnitude=1
Fy=Fyj
j
i
25.04.15
Fx=Fxi
Dr. Engin Akta
11
AR231 Fall12/13
Example (Beer and Johnston)
F=(3.5 kN)i+(7.5kN)j
Determine the magnitude of the force and angle .
tan
Fy=7.5 kN
25.04.15
Fx=3.5 kN
Fx
tan
Fy
Fx
7.5kN
tan
65.0
3.5kN
Fy
7.5kN
F
8.28kN
sin sin 65.0
1
Fy
Dr. Engin Akta
12
AR231 Fall12/13
Additiony of Forces by Summing x and y

components
20
F2=80 N
Determine the resultant of the

forces on the bolt
F1=150 N
30o
F2 cos 20o
F1 sin 30o
15o
F4=100 N
-(F2 sin 20o)
F3=110 N
-(F4 sin 15o)
Forces Magnitude, N x Component, N

F1
150
+129.9
-27.4
F2
80
0
110
F3
+96.6
F4
100
Rx=199.1
25.04.15
F1 cos 30o
F4 cos 15o
y Component, N
+75.0
+75.2
-110.0
-25.9
Ry=+14.3
Dr. Engin Akta
-F3
13
Example
AR231 Fall12/13
(cntd)
R=Rxi+Ryj
R=(199.1N)i+(14.30N)j
Ry=14.30 N
Rx=199.1 N
Ry
14.30 N
tan
tan
4.10
Rx
199.1N
1
25.04.15
Dr. Engin Akta
14
AR231 Fall12/13
Equilibrium of a Particle
When the resultant of all the forces acting on a particle is
zero, the particle is in equilibrium.
F4=400 N
F1=300 N
30o
F2=173.2 N
A
F3=200 N
F1=300 N
F2=173.2 N
30o
F4=400 N
R=F=0
(Fx)i+ (Fy)j=0
Fx=0
F3=200 N
Fy=0
Fx=300 N -(200 N) sin30o-(400 N) sin 30o=300 N -100 N -200 N = 0

Fy=-173.2 N -(200 N) cos30o+ (400 N) cos 30o=-173.2 N -173.2 N +346.4 N = 0
25.04.15
Dr. Engin Akta
15
AR231 Fall12/13
Free-Body
Diagram
A sketch showing the physical conditions of the problem is known as space
diagram.
B
50o
C
30o
Space Diagram
Choose a significant particle and draw a separate diagram showing that

particle and forces on it. This is the Free-Body diagram.
TAB
50o
Using law of sines
TAC
o
30
736 N
736 N
40o
60
80o
TAC
Free-Body Diagram
25.04.15
TAB
Dr. Engin Akta
TAC
TAB
736
sin 60 sin 40 sin 80

TAB=647 N
TAC=480 N
16
AR231 Fall12/13
Analytical Solution
Two unknowns TAB and TAC
Equilibrium Equations
Fx=0 and Fy=0
The system of equations then
Fx 0 TAB cos 50 TAC cos 30 0
Fy 0 TAB sin 50 TAC sin 30 736 N 0
Solving the above system (2 unknowns 2 equations)

TAB=647 N
TAC=480 N
25.04.15
Dr. Engin Akta
17
AR231 Fall12/13
Sumary of Solution techniques

equilibrium under three forces
may use force triangle rule
equilibrium under more than three forces
may use force polygon rule
If analytical solution is desired
may use equations of equilibrium
25.04.15
Dr. Engin Akta
18
Example
AR231 Fall12/13
(Beer and Johnston)
As a part of the design of a new sailboat, it is desired to

determine the drag force which may be expected at a given
20o
60o
speed. To do so, a model of the proposed hull is placed in a
test channel and three cables are used to keep its bow on
Flow A
the centerline of the channel. Dynamometer reading indicate
that for a given speed, the tension is 200 N in cable AB and
300 N in cable AE. Determine the drag force exerted on the
E
hull and the tension in cable AC.
Equilibrium condition
Start with drawing Free-Body Diagram
Resultant of the all forces should be zero
R=TAB+TAC+TAE+FD=0
20o
TAC
Lets write all the forces in x and y components
TAB=200 N 60o
TAB=-(200 N) sin 60o i+(200 N) cos 60o j
FD
TAB=-173.2 i+100 j
TAC= (TAC) sin 20o i+(TAC) cos 20o j
Unknowns; FD, TAC
TAC= 0.342(TAC) i+0.9397(TAC) j
B
TAE=-(300 N) j
TAE=300 N
25.04.15
FD=FD i
Dr. Engin Akta
19
Example
AR231 Fall12/13
(cntd.)
R=TAB+TAC+TAE+FD=0
R=(-173.2 N)i + 100 N j + 0.342(TAC) i + 0.9397 (TAC) j + (-300 N) j + FD i =0
R={-173.2 + 0.342(TAC) + FD} i + {100 + 0.9397 (TAC) + (-300 N)} j = 0
Fx=0
-173.2 N + 0.342(TAC) + FD = 0
Fy=0
100 + 0.9397 (TAC) + (-300 N) = 0

TAC=213 N
FD=100 N
25.04.15
Dr. Engin Akta
20
AR231 Fall12/13
j
V
Forces
in
Space
Vzk
Vyj y
z
x
x
Vxi
V=Vxi+Vyj+Vzk
Vx=V cos x
25.04.15
Vy=V cos y
Dr. Engin Akta
i
Vz=V cos z
21
AR231 Fall12/13
Direction cosines
l = cos x
m = cos y
n = cos z
Vx=l V
Vy=mV
Vz=nV
V 2=Vx2+Vy2+Vz2
l 2 + m 2 + n 2=1
25.04.15
Dr. Engin Akta
22
AR231 Fall12/13
B(xB, yB, zB)
A(xA, yA, zA)
V
V= (xB-xA) i + (yB-yA) j + (zB-zA) k
x
Unit vector along AB
25.04.15
V
n
V
Dr. Engin Akta
23
AR231 Fall12/13
Rectangular Coordinates in Space

y
B
Fy
B
A
Fy
F
x
O
Fh
Fz
Fy=F cosy
z
Fh
Fx = Fh cos= F siny cos
Fh=F siny
Fx
Fz = Fh sin= F siny sin
F 2 = Fy2 + Fh2
Fh2 = Fx2 + Fz2
F F F F
2
x
25.04.15
2
y
Dr. Engin Akta
2
z
24
AR231 Fall12/13
Problems
25.04.15
Dr. Engin Akta
25
AR231 Fall12/13
Problem 1-(Meriam and Kraige)

3
F=1800 N
4
The 1800 N force F is applied at the end of the
I-beam. Express F as a vector using the unit
vectors i and j.
x
First lets find the x and y components of the force F.
Fx= -1800 N 3/5 = -1080 N

Fy= -1800 N 4/5 = -1440 N
F = Fx i+ Fy j = -1080 i -1440 j N
25.04.15
Dr. Engin Akta
26
AR231 Fall12/13
L= 50 N
Air flow
The ratio of the lift force L to the drag force D

for the simple airfoil is L/D = 10. If the lift
force on a short section of the airfoil is 50 N,
compute the magnitude of the resultant force
R and the angle which it makes with the
horizontal.
tan = 50/5
D=5 N
= tan-110 =84.3o
F = (502+52)0.50 = 50.2 N
25.04.15
Dr. Engin Akta
27
AR231 Fall12/13

y
10o
900 N
45o
25o
x
800 N
The gusset plate is subjected to the two forces

shown. Replace them by two equivalent force, Fx in
the x-direction and Fa in the a direction. Determine
the magnitudes of Fx and Fa.
From the law of cosines
R2=8002+9002-2(800)(900) cos75
R=1040 N
800 N
10o
10
65o
25o
900 N
From the law of sines

R
900
900 sin 75
1 900 sin 75
sin 1
sin
56.7
sin 75 sin
R
1040
Fx
A
Fx
1040
45
66.7
Fx 544 N
113.3
sin 45 sin 21.7
45
1040 N
21.7
1040
Fa
Fa
Fa 1351 N
sin 45 sin 113 .3
o
25.04.15
Dr. Engin Akta
28
AR231 Fall12/13
40 m
20 m
50 m
40 m
8 kN
The magnitude of R
25.04.15
The guy cables AB and AC are

attached to the top of the
transmission tower. The tension in
cable AC is 8 kN. Determine the
required tension T in cable AB
such that the net effect of the two
cable tensions is a downward force
C at point A. Determine the
magnitude R of this downward
force
This time lets use another approach. Since the

resultant force is downward the sum of
horizontal components of the two forces should
add up to zero.
50
40
TAB
8
0 TAB 5.68 N
64
72.1
40
60
R 5.68 8
10.21 N
64
72.1
Dr. Engin Akta
29
AR231 Fall12/13
Problem 5-(Beer and Johnston)

500 mm
1375 mm
1200 mm
B
C
1600 kg
Two cables are tied together at C and loaded as

shown. Determine the tension in AC and BC.
Lets draw the Free Body Diagram (FBD) at C
y
TBC
TAC
x
W=1600*9.81=15700N
Writing Equilibrium Equations
Fx=0
Fy=0
TAC
TAC
500
1375
TCB
0
1300
1825
1200
1200
TCB
15700 0
1300
1825
TAC=12470 N
TCB=6370 N
25.04.15
Dr. Engin Akta
30

.5
13
4m
AR231 Fall12/13
A precast-concrete wall section is temporarily held by

the cables shown. Knowing that tension is 4200 N in
cable AB and 6000 N in cable AC, determine the
magnitude and direction of the resultant of the forces
x exerted by cables AB and AC on stake A.
Coordinates of points A, B and C
A (8, -4, -5.5)
B (0, 0, 0)
C (0, 0, -13.5)
AB=(0-8) i + (0-(-4)) j + (0-(-5.5)) k = -8 i + 4 j + 5.5 k
5.5 m
8m
n AB
AB 8 4 2 5.52 10.50
8i 4 j 5.5k
0.762i 0.381j 0.524k

10.50
FAB 4200 0.762i 0.381j 0.524k N
2
AC=(0-8) i + (0-(-4)) j + (-13.5-(-5.5)) k = -8 i + 4 j - 8 k
AC
4 2 8
12.00F
AC
n AC
6000 0.667i 0.333 j 0.667k N
8i 4 j 8k
0.667i 0.333 j 0.667k

12.00
25.04.15
Dr. Engin Akta
31
AR231 Fall12/13

.5
13
4m
A precast-concrete wall section is temporarily held by

the cables shown. Knowing that tension is 4200 N in
cable AB and 6000 N in cable AC, determine the
magnitude and direction of the resultant of the forces
x exerted by cables AB and AC on stake A.
FAB 4200 0.762i 0.381j 0.524k N
FAC 6000 0.667i 0.333 j 0.667k N
5.5 m
R = FAB + FAC
8m
R =(-3200-4002) i +(1600+1998) j + (2201-4002) k = -7200 i + 3600 j - 1800 k

R = 8250 N
z
25.04.15
Direction cosines
x
l = 0.873
m = 0.436
Dr. Engin Akta
n = 0.218
32
C
450 mm
FAD
AR231 Fall12/13
Lets draw FBD first

FAC
FAB
600 mm
650 mm
700 mm
1125
mm
Unknowns : FAD, FAC and W

Coordinates of points A, B, C and D
A crate is supported by A (0, -1125, 0) B (700, 0, 0) C (0, 0, -600) D (-650, 0,450)
three cables as shown.
AB=((700-0)i+(0-(-1125))j+0k=700i+1125j+0k
Determine the weight W
2
2 0.5
AB=(700
+1125
) =1325
of the crate knowing that
nAB=(700i+1125j+0k)/1325=0.5283i+0.8491j
the tension in cable AB is
4620 N.
FAB=4620(0.5283i+0.8491j) N
25.04.15
Dr. Engin Akta
33
AR231 Fall12/13
Coordinates of points A, B, C and D

C
450 mm
AC=(0i+(0-(-1125))j+(-600-0)k=0i+1125j-600k
600 mm
650 mm
A (0, -1125, 0) B (700, 0, 0) C (0, 0, -600) D (-650, 0,450)
700 mm
x
1125
mm
AC=(6002+11252)0.5=1275
nAC=(0i+1125j-600k)/1275=0.8824j-0.4706k
FAC=FAC(0.8824j-0.4706k) N
AD=((-650-0)i+(0-(-1125))j+(450-0)k=-650i+1125j+450k
AD=(6502+11252 +4502)0.5=1375
nAD=(-650i+1125j+450k)/1375= -0.4727i+0.8182j+0.3273k
FAD=FAD(-0.4727i+0.8182j+0.3273k) N
W=-W j
25.04.15
Dr. Engin Akta
34
C
450 mm
AR231 Fall12/13
700 mm
600 mm
650 mm
FAB+FAC+FAD+W=0
1125
mm
4620(0.5283i+0.8491j) +FAC(0.8824j-0.4706k)+FAD(-0.4727i+0.8182j+0.3273k)-W j=0

2441-0.4727FAD=0
FAD= 5160 N
-0.4706 FAC+0.3273*5160=0
FAC= 3590 N
W= 11320 N
3922+3170+4225-W = 0
25.04.15
Dr. Engin Akta
35
AR231 Fall12/13
D
600 mm
200 mm
200 mm
200 mm
400 mm
z
A 16 kg triangular plate is
supported by three wires
as shown. Determine the
tension in each wire .
25.04.15
Dr. Engin Akta
36

Statics of Particles

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IZMIR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

2.0 Statics of Particles

Dr. Engin Akta

IZMIR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Dr. Engin Akta

IZMIR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Properties of Vector Addition

IZMIR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Resultant of several concurrent

Dr. Engin Akta

IZMIR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Resolution of a force into

Dr. Engin Akta

IZMIR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Example (Beer & Johnston)

Q sin B 60N sin 155

Dr. Engin Akta

IZMIR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Q sin B 60N sin 155

Dr. Engin Akta

IZMIR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Example (Beer and Johnston)

A barge is pulled by two tugboats. If

Using law of sines

sin 45 sin 30 sin 105

Dr. Engin Akta

IZMIR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Dr. Engin Akta

IZMIR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Dr. Engin Akta

IZMIR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Dr. Engin Akta

IZMIR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Example (Beer and Johnston)

Dr. Engin Akta

IZMIR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Additiony of Forces by Summing x and y

Determine the resultant of the

-(F2 sin 20o)

-(F4 sin 15o)

Forces Magnitude, N x Component, N

Dr. Engin Akta

IZMIR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Dr. Engin Akta

IZMIR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Fx=300 N -(200 N) sin30o-(400 N) sin 30o=300 N -100 N -200 N = 0

Dr. Engin Akta

IZMIR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Choose a significant particle and draw a separate diagram showing that

Using law of sines

Dr. Engin Akta

sin 60 sin 40 sin 80

IZMIR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Solving the above system (2 unknowns 2 equations)

Dr. Engin Akta

IZMIR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Sumary of Solution techniques

Dr. Engin Akta

IZMIR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

(Beer and Johnston)

As a part of the design of a new sailboat, it is desired to

IZMIR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

100 + 0.9397 (TAC) + (-300 N) = 0