THESE ARE SOME OF THE

MORE IMPORTANT
PICTURES TAKEN FROM THE
NOTES ON CH 5 to CH 8

Use the web site below for review questions:

http://wps.prenhall.com/esm_audesirk_bloe_7/1,8753,1139971,.html
Diameter (cm): 0.5 1.0 1.5
Surface area (cm2): 0.79 3.14 7.07
Volume (cm3): 0.06 0.52 1.77

Surface- to-volume 13.17:1 6.04:1 3.99:1

ratio:
Limitations of Light Microscopy
• Wavelengths of light are 400-750 nm
R O Y G B I V

• If a structure is less than one-half of a

wavelength long, it will not be visible

• Light microscopes can resolve objects

down to about 200 nm in size
 Components of Nucleus

nuclear envelope

nucleoplasm

nucleolus

chromatin
chromatin

chromosome
 Endoplasmic Reticulum

• In animal cells, continuous with nuclear

membrane
• Extends throughout cytoplasm
• Two regions - rough and smooth
 Cytoskeletal Elements

intermediate
filament
microtubule

microfilament
 Flagella and Cilia (“9 + 2”
arrangement) microtubule
• Structures for cell
motility
• 9 + 2 internal
structure (9 fused
pairs form cylinder,
and 2 unfused in
middle)
Cilium cilia lining
propulsion of fluid trachea

power stroke return stroke

plasma membrane

Flagellum
direction of locomotion propulsion of fluid
flagellum
of human
sperm
continuous propulsion
 Prokaryotic Structure
pilus

cytoplasm
with ribosomes
DNA

flagellum capsule
cell plasma
wall membrane
 chromosome
(nucleoid region)

pili
ribosomes

prokaryotic
flagellum

capsule or
slime layer
cell wall
plasmid (DNA) cytoplasm plasma membrane

Prokaryotic Structure
 - +
O2 + H  H2O2  H2O + O2

Green molecules = free radicals

 = superoxide dismutase action
Pink molecules = toxic to cells
 = catalase action
 100 units 75 units heat + 25 units kinetic energy
chemical energy (motion)
energy
(concentrated)

LOW HIGH
ENTROPY ENTROPY
 Endergonic Reaction

glucose - a product with

more energy

NON-Spontaneous, + 602 and 6H2O

Absorbs energy
Energy in
energy-poor 6 12
starting substances
 Exergonic Reaction

glucose -
energy-rich starting
substance
Spontaneous,
+
602 Releases energy
Energy out

6 6
products with less energy
 Structure of ATP
nucleotide base (adenine)

three phosphate groups

sugar (ribose)
 3 Types of Metabolic Pathways

A B C D E
F

LINEAR PATHWAY CYCLIC

PATHWAY
K J I G

BRANCHING PATHWAY

N M L H
 high

activation energy
without
catalyst

energy activation energy

content with catalyst
of
molecules reactants

products
low
progress of reaction
Allosteric Activation
allosteric enzyme active site
activator

vacant
allosteric active site cannot
binding bind substrate
site

active site
altered,
can bind
substrate
Allosteric Inhibition
allosteric inhibitor

allosteric
binding
site vacant;
active site
can bind
substrate

active site altered,

can’t bind substrate
 Feedback Inhibition
enzyme 2 enzyme 3 enzyme 4 enzyme 5

enzyme A cellular change, caused by a

1 specific activity, shuts down the
activity that brought it about

“+” vs. “-” feedback END

PRODUCT
SUBSTRATE
(tryptophan)
 Englemann’s Experiment

Notice that the bacteria (white specks)

concentrate in 2 separate color regions, where
oxygen concentration is higher
 Electromagnetic Spectrum
shortest • Gamma rays
wavelength • X-rays
• UV radiation
• Visible light
• Infrared radiation
• Microwaves
LONGEST • Radio waves
wavelength
 Photosynthesis and Cellular
Respiration are Linked Processes
Leaf Anatomy
Anatomy of a Chloroplast
Stroma: fluid within chloroplast

Thylakoid: one of the sacs

within a chloroplast; chlorophyll
is built into the thylakoid
membranes; “penny-like”
appearance   

Granum: a stack of thylakoids

within a chloroplast; “stack of
pennies” appearance
 BE ABLE TO FILL IN THESE BLANKS IF
GIVEN AS AN EXAM QUESTION

sunlight water uptake carbon dioxide uptake

ATP
LIGHT-
LIGHT- ADP + Pi INDEPENDENT
DEPENDENT REACTIONS
REACTIONS (DARK
NADPH
REACTIONS)
NADP+

P glucose

oxygen release new water

Pigments in a Photosystem

reaction center
 6 CO2 (from the air)

CARBON
Calvin- Benson FIXATION

6 6
Cycle RuBP unstable intermediate

12
PGA

6 ADP
Overall: CO2 goes 6 ATP
12 ATP

12 NADPH
in and glucose is 4 Pi
12 ADP
the final product 10
12 Pi
PGAL 12 NADP+
12
PGAL
2
PGAL
Pi

P
glucose
 Overview of Aerobic Respiration
CYTOPLASM glucose
ATP

*
2 ATP 4
Glycolysis
e- + H + (2 ATP net)
2 NADH 2 pyruvate
MITOCHONDRIA e- + H + 2 CO2
2 NADH

*
e- + H +
8 NADH 4 CO2
e- + H + Krebs
2 ATP
2 FADH2 Cycle

e- Electron
Transfer
Phosphorylation * 32
ATP

H+ water

e- + oxygen
Typical Energy Yield: 36 ATP
 Creating a H+ Gradient

OUTER COMPARTMENT

NADH

INNER COMPARTMENT
 Making ATP:
Chemiosmotic Model

ATP

INNER
COMPARTMENT
ADP
+
Pi
 Pickles

Kimchi
 Processes Are Linked

sunlight energy
PHOTOSYNTHESIS

water
+ sugar oxygen
carbon molecules
dioxide

AEROBIC
RESPIRATION
44. Which of the following structures are found in all cells? Select the best answer.

a. cell wall
b. plasma membrane
c. nucleus
d. cytoplasm
e. ribosomes
f. b, d, and e
45. The cell theory states that __________.

a. cells are generally small to allow for diffusion

b. all cells contain cytoplasm
c. cells are either prokaryotes or eukarotes
d. all living things are composed of cells
e. all cells arise from organic molecules such as DNA
46. Which of the following is an INCORRECT statement
concerning the general characteristics of prokaryotic cells?

a. Prokaryotic cells contain multiple molecules of DNA.

b. Prokaryotic cells are enclosed by a cell wall.
c. Prokaryotic cells contain cytoplasm.
d. Prokaryotic cells do not contain a nucleus.
e. Prokaryotic cells contain a nucleoid.
47. Chromosomes consist of __________.

a. DNA
b. proteins
c. RNA
d. proteins and RNA
e. proteins and DNA
48. Sorting and modification of proteins is an important function of __________.

a. mitochondria
b. chloroplasts
c. lysosomes
d. the Golgi complex
e. the plasma membrane
49. Which of the following organelle(s) is (are) found in animal cells, but
not in plant cells?

a. mitochondria
b. chloroplasts
c. central vacuole
d. cell wall
e. cytoskeleton
f. none of the above
50. Lysosomes contain very powerful digestive enzymes that can break
down proteins, carbohydrates, and other molecules. Why don't these
enzymes digest the cell itself?

a. The enzymes will digest only foreign material.

b. The enzymes are separated from the cytoplasm by the lysosomal
membrane.
c. The enzymes are inactive until secreted from the cell.
51. Why are living cells limited to remaining microscopic in size?

a. cells produce a limited number of enzymes

b. the energy needs of giant cells would outstrip available supply from the
environment
c. exchanges of substances at the membrane surface would take too long
to diffuse throughout the interior of the cell
d. both a and b
<Q>CHAPTER 6: Which of the following has the greatest
amount of kinetic energy?
<D>6-1
<C> tank of gasoline
<C> moving car
<C> hot car engine
<C> cool air surrounding the engine
<C> an unlit firecracker
<#>CH 6
<T>MC
<S>N
<Q>CHAPTER 6: Which of the following has potential
energy?
<D>CH 6-2
<C> water droplet on top of a waterfall
<C> glucose molecule
<C> diver on a springboard
<C> 9V battery
<C> all of the above
<#>CH 6
<T>MC
<S>N
<Q>CHAPTER 6: All the following statements are true of the FIRST
law of thermodynamics EXCEPT?
<D>CH 6-3
<C> the amount of useful energy decreases.
<C> the first law of thermodynamics is often called the law of the
conservation of energy.
<C> the total amount of energy within an isolated system remains the
same.
<C> one form of energy may be converted to a different form of energy.
<C> All are true of the first law.
<#>CH 6
<T>MC
<S>N
<Q>CHAPTER 6: In an isolated system, all the following are true of the
SECOND law of thermodynamics EXCEPT?
<D>CH 6-4
<C> useful energy decreases.
<C> spontaneous changes result in a more uniform distribution of
energy.
<C> all chemical reactions are exergonic.
<C> there is a natural tendency toward greater disorder of the
organization of matter.
<C> All are true of the second law.
<#>CH 6
<T>MC
<S>N
<Q>CHAPTER 6: Entropy is a measure of what?
<D>CH 6-5
<C> increase in orderliness.
<C> gain of high-level energy.
<C> increase in potential energy.
<C> increase in randomness.
<C> increase in kinetic energy.
<#>CH 6
<T>MC
<S>N
<Q>CHAPTER 6: How is your body able to counteract
the effects of entropy?
<D>CH 6-6
<C> regular exercise
<C> sunbathing
<C> eating a balanced diet
<C> bathing regularly
<C> buffers
<#>CH 6
<T>MC
<S>N
<Q>CHAPTER 6: Each of the following requires twelve carbon atoms.
Which of the arrangements demonstrates carbon atoms with the greatest
entropy?
<D>CH 6-7
<C> twelve molecules of carbon dioxide, CO2
<C> one molecule of the disaccharide, maltose, C12-H22-O11
<C> two molecules of the monosaccharide glucose, C6-H12-O6
<C> four molecules of the monosaccharide, pyruvate C3-H4-O3
<C> It is impossible to determine.
<#>CH 6
<T>MC
<S>N
<Q>CHAPTER 6: Energy that is not converted to useful
energy is usually given off as?
<D>CH 6-8
<C> radioactivity.
<C> electricity.
<C> light.
<C> heat.
<C> entropy.
<#>CH 7
<T>MC
<S>N
<Q>CHAPTER 7: Before photosynthesis evolved,
________ was rare in Earth's atmosphere?
<D>CH 7-1
<C> N2
<C> CO2
<C> O2
<C> H2O
<C> air
<#>CH 7
<T>MC
<S>N
<Q>CHAPTER 7: The products of photosynthesis are?
<D>CH 7-2
<C> glucose and water.
<C> carbon dioxide, water, and energy.
<C> glucose and carbon dioxide.
<C> carbon dioxide, chlorophyll, and oxygen.
<C> glucose and oxygen.
<#>CH 7
<T>MC
<S>N
<Q>CHAPTER 7: What structural feature of a leaf allows a
leaf to obtain CO2 from the air?
<D>CH 7-3
<C> stomata
<C> epidermis
<C> cuticle
<C> mesophyll
<C> chloroplast
<#>CH 7
<T>MC
<S>N
<Q>CHAPTER 7: The vast majority of chloroplasts found
in a leaf are located where?
<D>CH 7-4
<C> vascular bundles
<C> cuticle
<C> epidermis
<C> stroma
<C> mesophyll
<#>CH 7
<T>MC
<S>N
<Q>CHAPTER 7: Specifically, molecules of
chlorophyll are located in membranes of sacs called
what?
<D>CH 7-5
<C> cristae.
<C> thylakoids.
<C> stroma.
<C> grana.
<C> vesicles.
<#>CH 7
<T>MC
<S>N
<Q>CHAPTER 7: What factors influence the rate of
photosynthesis?
<D>CH 7-6
<C> light intensity
<C> temperature
<C> CO2
<C> water availability
<C> all of these
<#>CH 7
<T>MC
<S>N
<Q>CHAPTER 7: All of the following compounds are
required (i.e., are necessary constituents for chemical
reactions) at some state of green plant photosynthesis,
EXCEPT what?
<D>CH 7-7
<C> ATP.
<C> NADP.
<C> water.
<C> oxygen.
<C> carbon dioxide.
<#>CH 7
<T>MC
<S>N
<Q>CHAPTER 7: The cellular organelle of eukaryotic
organisms which is responsible for photosynthetic
activity is the what?
<D>CH 7-8
<C> nucleus.
<C> mitochondrion.
<C> chloroplast.
<C> endoplasmic reticulum.
<C> ribosome.
<#>CH 8
<T>MC
<S>N
<Q>CHAPTER 8: At the end of glycolysis, the
original carbons of the glucose molecule form what?
<D>CH 8-1
<C> six molecules of carbon dioxide.
<C> two molecules of NADH.
<C> two molecules of pyruvic acid.
<C> two molecules of citric acid.
<C> two molecules of fructose.
<#>CH 8
<T>MC
<S>N
<Q>CHAPTER 8: The anaerobic breakdown of glucose is
called what?
<D>CH 8-2
<C> fermentation.
<C> respiration.
<C> phosphorylation.
<C> chemiosmosis.
<C> Krebs cycle.
<#>CH 8
<T>MC
<S>N
<Q>CHAPTER 8: What results if glucose is metabolized
under completely anaerobic conditions?
<D>CH 8-3
<C> Pyruvic acid immediately enters the Krebs cycle.
<C> Pyruvic acid is converted by fermentation into CO2 and
ethanol or lactic acid.
<C> Pyruvic acid is converted back to fructose until the
concentration of oxygen increases.
<C> Pyruvic acid leaves the fluid portion of the cytoplasm and
enters the mitochondrial matrix.
<C> Pyruvic acid is converted to NADH.
<#>CH 8
<T>MC
<S>N
<Q>CHAPTER 8: ATP is what?
<D>CH 8-4
<C> a short-term, energy-storage compound.
<C> the cell's principle compound for energy transfers.
<C> synthesized within mitochondria.
<C> the molecule all living cells rely on to do work.
<C> all of the above
<#>CH 8
<T>MC
<S>N
<Q>CHAPTER 8: The main function of cell respiration
is to produce what?
<D>CH 8-5
<C> CO2.
<C> glucose.
<C> ATP.
<C> NADH and FADH2.
<C> all of the above
<#>CH 8
<T>MC
<S>N
<Q>CHAPTER 8: During glycolysis, what is the net gain
of ATP molecules produced?
<D>CH 8-6
<C> 2
<C> 4
<C> 34
<C> 36
<C> 38
<#>CH 8
<T>MC
<S>N
<Q>CHAPTER 8: Which event occurs in the fluid portion
of the cytoplasm of a cell undergoing glucose metabolism?
<D>CH 8-7
<C> Krebs (citric acid) cycle
<C> electron transport
<C> chemiosmosis
<C> Acetyl CoA formation
<C> glycolysis
<#>CH 8
<T>MC
<S>N
<Q>CHAPTER 8: What molecule is common to both C3
photosynthesis and the process of glycolysis?
<D>CH 8-8
<C> pyruvate
<C> G3P
<C> Acetyl CoA
<C> fructose
<C> NADPH