Chapter 1

Analysis of Stress

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Chapter 1-- 1

OUTLINE
1.1 Concept of Stress
1.2 Sign Convention of Stress
1.3 Special Stresses
1.4 Equation of Equilibrium
1.5 Internal Force Resultants and Stress Relations
1.6 Three Dimensional Stress at a Point
1.7 Stress Transformation
1.8 Principal stresses in 3-D state of stress
1.9 Shear stress
1.10 Octahedral planes and stresses
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Chapter 1-- 2

1.1 Concept of Stress

Stress is the term defining the intensity and the direction of the
internal forces acting at a given point on a specific plane.

F
resultant force vector
F

The stress vector is defined as

P lim
A
A

(Px , Py , Pz )

(1-1)

3 stress vector components

for a given plane
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Chapter 1-- 3

Stress Components
If the plane is selected at the normal of the plane
along the x-direction, then we have,
y
Normal Stress

xy

x
xz

Shear Stress

(
,

)
x
x
xy
xz
x

Normal Stress components: x, y, z

Shear Stress components: xy, yz, xz; yx, zy, zx
6 Components, Only 3 components are independent.

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Chapter 1-- 4

Stress Components (Contd)

xy

Refers to the direction

Refers to the plane

xx

xy

xz

xy

xz

ij or

yx

yy

yx

zx

zy

yz

zz

zx

zy

yz

a tensor

(1 2)

tx = (x , xy , xz) Stresses on the x - plane

ty = (yx ,y, yz ) Stresses on the y - plane
tz = (zx , zy ,z ) Stresses on the z - plane
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Chapter 1-- 5

yx

zx

Stress
points
to x-dir.

xy

y

zy

Stress is a Tensor.
xx xy xz

ij or yx yy yz

zx zy zz
tx = (x , xy , xz)
ty = (yx , y , yz)
t = ( , , )

xz

yz

Stress
points
to y-dir.

Stress
points
to z-dir.

xy

xz

yx

zx

zy

yz

(1 2)

forces acting on x-plane

yx xy , xz zx

z
zx
zy
z
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Will be proved
later.
Chapter 1-- 6

1.2 Sign Convention of Stress

+ Stress Stress points to the + direction of the
axis on the + plane
(The normal of the plane is in the + direction)
- Stress Stress points to the - direction of the
axis of the + plane.

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Chapter 1-- 7

1.3 Special Stresses:

Pure Shear No normal stresses.

Plane Stress Stress on one of the three planes
are equal to zero. (2-D Stress)
Triaxial Stress Only axial stresses.
Uniaxial stress Normal stress acting on one
direction only.

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Chapter 1-- 8

Pure Shear:

Moment about A=0

Y
b

yx

xy

( xy a t) b ( yx b t) a

A
X
t=thickness

xy yx
Similarly, zx xz

Deformed Shape:

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Chapter 1-- 9

1.4 Equation of Equilibrium

The stresses in an elastic body vary from point to point.
They must be satisfied by the following relations:

xy
xz
x

Fx 0
x
y
z
yx
y
yz

Fy 0
x
y
z
zy
zx
z

Fz 0
x
y
z

(1-3)

where

Fx, Fy and Fz are so called body forces such as

gravitational force, magnetic force, etc.
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Chapter 1-- 10

1.5 Internal Force-Resultant and Stress Relations

y

Axial force: N
Shear forces: Vy, Vz

Vy

N T

Torque (Twisting moment): T

Bending moments: My, Mz

Vz
y

N x dA
x

dA

(1-4)

Vy xy dA,Vz xz dA
A

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Chapter 1-- 11

1.5 Internal Force-Resultant and Stress

Relations.
(Contd)
xy

M y z x dA

M z y x dA y x dA

xz

T y xz dA z xy dA
A

(y xz z xy )dA

(1-5)

M rF

Use right-hand rule to determine

the direction of the moment.

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Chapter 1-- 12

1.6 Three yDimensional Stress at a Point

C

P
x

Note:

vv
cos (n i ) l
vv
cos (n j ) m
vr
cos (n k ) n

m
n

l 2 m2 n2 1

ur
r
r
r
P Px i Py j Pz k
(on plane ABC)

z
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Chapter 1-- 13

1.6 Three Dimensional Stress at a Point (Contd)

Force alongthex dir. 0

Px ABC x OAC xy OAB xz OBC 0

OAC ABC l, OAB ABC m, OBC ABC n

Px x l xy m xz n
Similarly,
Py xy l y m yz n
Pz xz l yz m z n
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Chapter 1-- 14

1.6 Three Dimensional Stress at a Point (Contd)

Combining the previous equations, we have

Px

P
y
P
z

or

xy xz l

y yz m

sym
z n

(1-6)

P n

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Chapter 1-- 15

1.7
StressTransformation
Transformation
Coordinate
Directional cosine
Cos(n,x)=cos=l
Cos(n,y)=cos=m
Cos(n,z)=cos=n

ij

old axis
new axis

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Chapter 1-- 16

x
1.7cos
Stress
Transformation
(Contd)
x ', x cos 11 l1
z

cos x ', y cos 12 m1

cos x ', z cos 13 n1
cos y ', x cos 21 l2

cos y ', y cos 22 m2

x
y
z

cos y ', z cos 23 n2

cos z ', x cos 31 l3

cos z ', z cos 33 n3

cos z ', y cos 32 m3

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l1
n1
l2
n2
l3
n3
x
z
l1
l3
m1
m3
n1
n3

y
m1
m2
m3
y
l

m2
n

Chapter 1-- 17

 (Contd)
l1 mTransformation
1.7 Stress
l1 l2
l3
n1
1

P '

l2

l
3

m2
m3

n2 P or P m1
n
n3
1

m2
n2

m2 P '
n3

orP ' T P orP T P '

T

(1-7)

The directional cosines have the following properties:

li2 mi2 ni2 1
li l j mi m j ni n j 0

i=1 to 3
j=1 to 3

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(1-8)

ij
Chapter 1-- 18

Stress Vector

Px '

x'

P' ' n'or

Px '

Py '
P '
z

l1
l2
l3
l1
l2
l3

m1
m2
m3
m1
m2
m3

Py '
P '

xy ' xz '
y ' yz '
sym.
z '

n1 Px
l1 m1 n1

n2 Py l2 m2 n2
l3 m3 n3
n3 Pz
n1 l1
l2
l3
n2 m1 m2 m3 n'
n3 n1 n2 n3

' T T

(1-9)

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Chapter 1-- 19

 T(Contd)
T
T T T
1.7 Stress Transformation

3-Dimensional Stress Transformation

x'
'
y

2l2m2 y
2l3m3 z

l2m3 l3m2 yz
l3m1 l1m3 xz

l1m2 l2m1 xy

m12

n12

2m1n1

2n1l1

2
l
2

l32

m22

n22

2m2n2

2n2l2

m32

n32

2m3n3

2n3l3

l2l3 m2m3
l3l1 m3m1

l1l2 m1m2

n2n3

m2n3 m3n2

n2l3 n3l2

n3n1
n1n2

m3n1 m1n3
m1n2 m2n1

n3l1 n1l3
n1l2 n2l1

l12

m12

n12

2m1n1

2n1l1

2l1m1

2
l
2

l32

m22
m32

n22
n32

2m2 n2
2m3 n3

2 n2 l 2
2n3l3

2l2 m2
2l3 m3

m2 m3
m3 m1
m1m2

n2 n3
n3n1
n1n2

m2 n3 m3 n2
m3 n1 m1n3
m1n2 m2 n1

n2l3 n3l2
n3l1 n1l3
n1l2 n2l1

l2 m3 l3 m2
l3 m1 l1m3

l1m2 l2 m1

'
yz
'
zx
'
xy

'

l12

z'

'

T
'
ij

l2l3
l3l1
l1l2

ij

2l1m1

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(1-9A)

(1-9B)

Chapter 1-- 20

3-Dimensional Stress Transformation

1.7 Stress
Transformation
(Contd)
2
2
2

x ' x l1 y m1 z n1 2( xy l1m1 yz m1n1 xz l1n1 )

y ' x l 22 y m22 z n22 2( xy l 2 m2 yz m2 n2 xz l 2 n2 )

z ' x l32 y m32 z n32 2( xy l3 m3 yz m3 n3 xz l3 n3 )

y ' z ' x l2l3 y m2 m3 z n2 n3

(1-10)

xy (l2 m3 l3m2 ) yz (m2 n3 m3 n2 ) xz (n2l3 n3l2 )

x ' z ' x l1l3 y m1m3 z n1n3

xy (l1m3 l3m1 ) yz (m1n3 m3n1 ) xz (n1l3 n3l1 )

x ' y ' x l1l2 y m1m2 z n1n2
xy (l1m2 l2 m1 ) yz (m1n2 m2 n1 ) xz (n1l2 n2l1 )
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Chapter 1-- 21

2-Dimensional
Stress Transformation
1.7 Stress
Transformation
(Contd)
x'

y'
y
x ' y '
xy

where

m2
n2
2mn
T n 2 m 2 2mn
mn mn m 2 n 2

(110a)

m cos and n sin

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Chapter 1-- 22

y' y

l1 Cos 11 Cos

m Cos Cos (90

) Sinz-axis
1.7.1 Stress Transformation
about
0

x'
x

12

n1 Cos 13 Cos90 0 0
l 2 Cos 21 Cos (90 0 ) Sin

m2 Cos 22 Cos
n2 Cos 23 Cos90 0 0

l3 Cos 31 0

m3 Cos 32 0

z'
Substituting into Eqn
(1-9), we have

n3 Cos 33 Cos00 1
x ' x m 2 y n 2 xy 2mn

y ' x n 2 y m 2 xy 2mn
xy ' x mn y mn xy (m 2 n 2 )

(1-11)

yz ' xz Sin yz Cos

xz ' xz Cos yz Sin
z ' z

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Chapter 1-- 23

Stress Transformation-2D
n1 n2 l3 m3 0
and n3 1
l1 cos

m1 sin

x ' x l1 y m1 z n1 2( xy l1m1 yz m1n1 xz l1n1 )

2

y ' x l2 y m2 z n2 2( xy l2m2 yz m2n2 xz l2m2 )

2

x ' y ' x l1l2 y m1m2 z n1n2 xy (l1m2 l2m1 ) yz (m1n2 m2n1 ) xz (n1l2 n2l1 )
x ' z ' x l1l3 y m1m3 z n1n3 xy (l1m3 l3m1 ) yz (m1n3 m3n1 ) xz ( n1l3 n3l1 )
y ' z ' x l2l3 y m2m3 z n2n3 xy (l2m3 l3m2 ) yz (m2n3 m3n2 ) xz ( n2l3 n3l2 )
z x l3 y m3 z n3 2( xy l3m3 yz m3n3 xz l3m3 )
3

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Chapter 1-- 24


1.7.2 Plane Stress
Transformation
m2
n2
2mn
x

2
n2
m
2mn
'y
2
2
xy mn mn m n

' T
or

y
xy

(1-12)

m2
n2
2mn

2
2
Where T n
m
2mn

2
2

mn
mn
m

Considering the above equation, we obtain

T 1 '
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Chapter 1-- 25

Consider
the stateStress
of stressTransformation
in the x-y-z coordinate
system
1.7.2 Plane
(Contd)
transferring a - to the x-y-z coordinate system. Then we
can write

T '

Equating the above two equations, we have

T 1 T

(1-13)

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Chapter 1-- 26

(1-6) gives,
1.8 Equation
Principal
Stresses
in
3-D
State
of
stress

0
0 l

xy

xz

Py xy y yz

yz
z
z xz
x p
xy

xy
y p

yz
xz

m 0 p 0

n 0
0

p

xz l

yz m 0
z p n

m
n

To satisfy the above equation, we have

x p
xy
xz
xy
y p
yz 0
xz
yz
z p
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Chapter 1-- 27

Expanding the determinant, we have

1.8 Prin. Stresses

3
2 in 3-D State of stress(Contd)
p I1 p I 2 p I 3 0

(1-13a)

where
I1 x y z
I 2 x y y z z x xy 2 yz 2 xz 2

x xy y yz z xz
or

xy y yz z xz x
x xy xz
Three roots of the above equation(1-13)
I3
y yz
are the principal stresses. The
sym
z
corresponding three sets of directional

cosines are their directions.

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Chapter 1-- 28

1.8 Prin.
in 3-D State
of2 and
stress(Contd)
The Stresses
stress invariants
I1=I1, I2=I
I3=I3
I1 x y z
I 2 x y y z z x xy 2 yz 2 xz 2

x xy y yz z xz
or

xy y yz z xz x
x xy xz
I3
y yz
sym
z
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Chapter 1-- 29

Absolute Shear Stress

1 2
2 3
1 3
1, 2
, 2,3
, 1,3
2
2
2

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Chapter 1-- 30

Example:

Given

2 2 0

2 2 0 ksi
0 0 1

Find the principal stresses and

their directions.

Solution:
2 p

sym

0 l

2 p
0 m 0

1 p n

2 p

The three roots are

2
2 p

sym

p1 4,

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p 2 1,

0
0 0
1 p

p3 0

Chapter 1-- 31

Example: (continued)
Solution:
p1 4
24

sym

2
24

0
1 4

l1

m1 0
n
1

2l1 2m1 0
2l1 2m1 0
3n1 0

Only two of the above equations are independent,

Using
2

l1 m1 n1 1
l1

1
,
2

m1

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1
,
2

n1 0

Chapter 1-- 32

Example:(Contd)
p 1
2

2 1

sym

2
2 1

sym

2l 2 m2 0
l2

0.n2 0
m2 0
n
2
l 2 2 m2 2 n 2 2 1

l 2 m2 0

n2 1

p 0

0
1 1

l 2 2 m2 0

2
2

l3 m3 0 l3 m3
1 n3 0 n3 0

0 l3

0 m3 0 l 2 m 2 n 2 1
3
3
3

1 n3
1
1
l3
, m3 ,
2

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n3 0
Chapter 1-- 33

Example:(Contd)
Maximum Shear

1 2
4 1
1,2

1.5
2
2
1 0
2,3
0.5
2
40
1,3
2
2
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Chapter 1-- 34


1.9 Shear
Stress
P

v
v
v
P n .n n .t
v2
2
n P n2
v2
P Px 2 Py 2 Pz 2

Select n to be coincided with the principal

direction.
therefore ,

Py 2 m

Pz 3 n

n 1l 2 2 m 2 3 n 2

Hence,

Px 1l

1l 2 m 3 n ( 1l 2 2 m 2 3n 2 ) 2
2

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Chapter 1-- 35

1.9 Shear Stress (Contd)

For max. shear on the x-y plane, i.e. n=0

m2 1 l 2

l 1 l
2

2
l

2l 4l
2

1
1
0l
&m
1
2
2
2
1 2
1
2
2
max 1 2
or
max
1, 2
4
2
2 3
3 1
Similarly ,
2, 3
, 1,3
(1-14)
2
2
3

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Chapter 1-- 36

1.10 Octahedral Planes and Stresses

An octahedral plane is a plane cut across one of the corners

of a principal stress element

The normal stresses acting on these planes are

identical; so do the shear stresses. There are given as,
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Chapter 1-- 37

1.10 Octahedral Planes and Stresses (Contd)

The normal stresses acting on those planes are
identical; so do the shear stresses. There are given as,

1 2 3 x y z (Stress Invariant)
oct

3
3
1
1
2
2
2 2
oct 1 2 2 3 3 1
3
1
2 2
2
2 2
1, 2 2,3 1,3
3
1
2
2
2
2
2
2

x y y z z x 6 xy yz xz
3

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1
2

Chapter 1-- 38

1.10 Octahedral Planes and Stresses(Contd)

Putting all eight surfaces together,
we obtain an octahedron as:

Octahedron

The directional cosines of there surfaces

l,m,n are the combination of 1
3

The octahedral normal stress tends to enlarge or

compress the octahedron but not distort it.
The octahedral shear stress tends to distort it but
not change its volume.
The interest in the octahedron surface is in a failure criterion
that states the failure of this element is strictly dependent
on the shear stresses on these surfaces.
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Chapter 1-- 39

Review on
Directional Cosines of a Given Plane
From vector analysis, we have
B (0,b,0)

Az
Ax

Ay

A(a,0,0)

A Ax i Ay j Az k

1
n A AB AC Area
2

AB ai bj

AC ai ck

of

ABC

C(0,0,c)

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Chapter 1-- 40

Review on
Directional Cosines of a Given Plane
v
v
v
v
1
1
v v
n A ai mbj a i mck
2
2

b
0
0
c
v v
v v
v v
v v
1
2
a i i (ab) j i (ac)i k bcj k

2
v
v
v
1

bci acj abk

2
v
1
A

bc 2 ac 2 ab 2
2
A
bc
Cos x
1 l
A
bc 2 ac 2 ab 2 2

A
ac
Cos x
m
1
A
bc 2 ac 2 ab 2 2

A
ab
Cos x
1 n
A
bc 2 ac 2 ab 2 2

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a
a

Chapter 1-- 41