Professional Documents
Culture Documents
(CCM)
6. Cost Comparison:
Cost of the produced sample can be compare with others. It
also helps to choose the right dyes for dyeing.
8. Whiteness Indices:
Whiteness Indices also maintained in CCMS.
Spectrophotometer
It is a photometric device that measures
spectral transmittance,
spectral reflectance relative spectral emitance.
It compares light leaving from the object with that
incident on it at each wavelength.
According to Beer's law, the amount of light absorbed by
a medium is proportional to the concentration of the
absorbing material or solute present.
highly
sophisticated
and
expensive
instruments
that
Metamerism-Index
The Metamerism-Index (MI) will show the probability
that two samples will show the same color difference
under two different illuminants (represented by the
first and second illuminant)
L*1, a*1, b*1 are the Delta CIE Lab* color coordinates
between Standard and Sample for the first illuminant
L*2, a*2 ,b*2are the Delta CIE Lab* color coordinates
between Standard and Sample for the second
illuminant
Color Inconsistency
This attribute indicates a color change in the sample
(without any reference to the standard) under different
illuminants. This property is sometimes known as
"flare."
CIE 1976 (L*, a*, b*) color space (CIELAB)
CIE L*a*b* (CIELAB) is color space specified by the
CIE International Commission on Illumination (French
Commission internationale de l'clairage).
It describes all the colors visible to the human eye and
was created to serve as a device independent model to
be used as a reference.
CIE L*C*H*
The L* axis represents Lightness.It ranges from L* = 0
yields black and L* = 100 indicates diffuse white.
The C* axis represents Chroma or "saturation". This
ranges from 0 at the centre of the circle, which is
completely unsaturated (i.e. a neutral grey, black or
white) to 100 or more at the edge of the circle for very
high Chroma (saturation) or "color purity".
The h* describes the hue angle. It ranges from 0 to 360
h=0 = red / h=90 = yellow / h=180=green /
h=270 = blue
a*
b*
C*
h*
Db*
DC*
CIE94
The 1976 definition was extended to address perceptual
non-uniformities, whileretaining the L*a*b* color
space, by the introduction of application-specific
weights derived from an automotive paint test's
tolerance data.
E (1994) is defined in the L*C*h* color space with
differences in lightness, chroma and hue calculated from
L*a*b* coordinates.
Given a reference color L*1,a*1, b*1 and another color
L*2,a*2,b*2 , the difference is:
Hunter Lab
The Hunter Lab color scale was developed in the 50s
and 60s. There were several permutations of the
Hunter Lab color scale until the current formulas were
released in 1966.
The Hunter Lab color space is organized in a cube
form.
The L axis runs from the top to the bottom. The
maximum for L is 100 (for a perfect reflecting diffuser)
while the minimum is 0.
The a and b axes have no specific numeric limits.
Positive a is red and negative a is green.
Positive b is yellow and negative b is blue.
DL
Da
Db
Chromaticity Coordinates
To simplify , the coordinates X,Y,Z, could be divided
by X+Y+Z to get CHROMATICIRY COORDINATES
(x,y,z) which adds up to one.
x = X / (X+Y+Z ) ,
y = Y / (X+Y+Z) and
z = Z/ ((X+Y+Z )
x+y+z=1
Hence it is sufficient to know x and y.
Instrumental Match
Prediction
Kubelka-Munk equations
The mathematical basis for all color matching software
is the Kubelka-Munk series of equations.
These equations state that for opaque samples such as
textile materials, the ratio of total light absorbed and
scattered by a mixture of dyes is equal to the sum of
the ratios of light absorbed and scattered by the dyes
measured separately.
Where absorption is defined as "K" and scattering is
defined as "S", Kubelka-Munk states that:
(K/S) mixture = (K/S) dye 1 + (K/S) dye 2 + (K/S) dye
3 + ...
Delta E (E)
Delta E is defined as the difference between two colors in an
L*a*b* color space.
As the values determined are based on a mathematical formula, it
is important that the type of color formula is taken into account
when comparing the values.
In Color Verifier alone, there are three different formulas to
choose from, each producing different results.
The CIE L*a*b* formula used in the proofing market calculates
the Euclidian distance, i.e. purely the distance between two points
in a three-dimensional color space.
The actual position of the points themselves is irrelevant.
Meaning
0-1
1-2
only
2 - 3.5
3.5 - 5
>6
An obvious difference
A very obvious difference