Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Elements of Research
Design
Ref: Sekaran (2003), Cooper and
Schindler (2006)
Research Design
Blueprint
Blueprint
Plan
Plan
Guide
Guide
Framework
Framework
of investigation
Purpose of the study
Extent of researcher interference
Study setting
Units of analysis
Time horizon of the study
Descriptors of Research
Design
Category
Options
Monitoring
Communication
Study
Exploratory study
Formal study
Experimental
Ex post facto
Descriptive
Causal
Cross-sectional
Longitudinal
Case
Statistical study
Field setting
Laboratory
research
Simulation
Actual routine
study
study
testing
Formal Study
Precise procedures
Begins with
hypotheses
Answers research
questions
Case Study
Depth
Detail
Qualitative
Multiple sources of
information
Extent of Researcher
Interference with the Study
Degree
of interference by the
researcher in the manipulation and
control of variables, either in the
natural setting or in an artificial
research setting
Study Setting
Noncontrived
setting
setting
Artificial environment
Lab experiment (manipulation of variable with
high degree of control)
Simulations
Methods of
Data Collection
Monitoring
Communication
Cross-sectional
Longitudinal
Time Dimension/Horizon
Cross-Sectional
Study
Study
Participants Perceptions
No deviation perceived
Deviations perceived
as unrelated
Deviations perceived as
researcher-induced
Common Exploratory
Techniques for Research
Secondary
Secondary
Data
Data Analysis
Analysis
Experience
Experience
Surveys
Surveys
Focus
Focus
Groups
Groups
Delve emphasizes
that face-to-face
interaction is still one
of the best ways to
learn about
consumers
Experience Surveys
What
is being done?
What has been tried in the past with
or without success?
How have things changed?
Who is involved in the decisions?
What problem areas can be seen?
Whom can we count on to assist or
participate in the research?
Focus Groups
Group
discussion
6-10 participants
Moderator-led
90 minutes-2 hours
Type of Investigation
Causal
Descriptive Studies
Who?
How
How much?
much?
What?
What?
When?
When?
Where?
Descriptive Studies
Descriptions
Descriptions of
of
population
population characteristics
characteristics
Estimates
Estimates of
of frequency
frequency of
of
characteristics
characteristics
Discovery
Discovery of
of associations
associations
among
among variables
variables
Causal Studies
Experiment
Ex Post Facto study
Study involving the
After-the-fact report
manipulation or
on what happened
control of one or
to the measured
more variables to
variable
determine the effect
on another variable
Causal Studies
Symmetrical
Symmetrical
(fluctuatetogether)
together)
(fluctuate
Reciprocal
Reciprocal
(mutuallyinfluence
influenceor
or
(mutually
reinforceeach
eachother)
other)
reinforce
Asymmetrical
Asymmetrical
Asymmetrical
Changes
Asymmetrical Casual
Relationships
Stimulus-Response
(Policy productivity)
PropertyDisposition
PropertyBehavior
(Social class
reading habits)
Disposition-Behavior
(Job satisfaction loyalty)
Evidence of Causality
Covariation
Covariation between
between
A
A and
and B
B
Time
Time order
order of
of events
events
No
No other
other possible
possible
causes
causes of
of B
B
Units of Analysis
Refers