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NAVIGATION
Hot Ice
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ICE NAVIGATION
1. REGULATIONS & VESSELS
2. CLASSIFICATION
&
IDENTIFICATION
3. LOCATION
4. DANGERS
5. PREPARATION
&
PROCEDURES
6. NAVIGATION
&
AURORA AUSTRALIS
ESCORT SHIP
EXTENSIVE REFIT
Reinforcing hull plating, special bow, propeller
shafts, replacing bronze prop with steel, greater
shaft horsepower ratio, etc...
ESCORT SHIP
2. CLASSIFICATION &
IDENTIFICATION
A: FORMS OF ICE AFFECTING THE MARINER
FLOATING ICE
FRESH WATER ICE - surface of lakes &
rivers
SEA ICE - sea surface
GLACIER ICE - of land origin (glaciers)
FIXED ICE
SEA ICE that has frozen to the coast or the
sea floor in shallow waters
2. CLASSIFICATION &
IDENTIFICATION
2. CLASSIFICATION &
IDENTIFICATION
B: SEA ICE FORMATION & DEVELOPMENT
3. FIRST YEAR ICE: 30cm-2m thick
Not more than one summers growth.
White in colour.
4.
OLD ICE: 3m+ thick
Survived one summers melt.
All salt has drained out from brine pockets that
have cracked & ice is pure fresh water & very
hard. Smoother than 1st Year Ice & bluey/green
in colour.
The bluer the ice = The older and harder the ice
2. CLASSIFICATION &
IDENTIFICATION
D: GLACIER ICE FORMATION & DEVELOPMENT
An Ice Sheet is a mass of glacier ice that covers
surrounding terrain. Antarcticas sheet covers
14 million km & contains 61% of the worlds
fresh water
Ice Shelves are extensions of the Ice Shelf,
attached to the land but floating. Tabular Bergs.
Seaward face: Ice Front Height: 2-50m
When a glacier flows into the sea, the buoyant
force of the water breaks off pieces known as
icebergs (calving)
2. CLASSIFICATION &
IDENTIFICATION
D: GLACIER ICE FORMATION & DEVELOPMENT
2. CLASSIFICATION &
IDENTIFICATION
E: DEFORMATION
SEA ICE
As the pressure around the ice form relaxes
cracks, fractures, leads (navigable) & Polynyas
are formed (enclosed)
ICE BERGS
Can become unstable and capsize as they
become top heavy due to melting and erosion
of the submerged section.
Tabular Bergs can continue the calving process
54 South
Atlantic
62 South - Pacific
56
Indian
ARCTIC CIRCLE
Baffin Island
LOCATION - ICEBERGS
NORTHERN HEMISPHERE
Ice Bergs calved from glaciers and Tabular Bergs
from Ice Shelves
Predominantly west coast Greenland where 100
glaciers produce 10-15,000 bergs per year
First winter in Baffin Bay Pack Ice, then in spring
Labrador Current drifts them into NA shipping lanes
(1966, 1 berg reported - 1984, 2203 bergs reported)
North Atlantic Limit 42 N in May
Bergs from Barents Sea & Norway stay north due to
NA Drift current
LOCATION - ICEBERGS
40
West
40
North
LOCATION: ICEBERGS
46 - 59
S
46 - 53
S
57 - 63
S
ICEBERG DRIFT
Depends on shape of Berg
If majority of berg submerged;
predominant force surface current
If majority of berg exposed;
predominant force surface wind
Drift angles: 10 70 , larger berg,
larger drift angle
Rate: up to 5% of surface wind speed
4. DANGERS
Stability ice accretion, rise of G
Thermal hull stresses eg: FO tanks
Structural damage hull, prop &
rudder, tanks
Machinery cooling water
Navigation/Communications Ionosphere
Freezing temperatures
(equipment/crew)
5.
PREPARATION/PROCEDURES
CREW TRAINING
Ship Handling
Polar navigation
Polar communications
Polar meteorology
Sea ice terminology
Ice observing & reporting
Polar Survival
5.
PREPARATION/PROCEDURES
EQUIPMENT
Damage Control materials
Equipment to remove ice/snow accretion
on deck
Additives & coolants for oils, ballast water
& cooling water
Rock salt
Explosives
Clothing
Extra stores (general/medical/spare parts)
5.
PREPARATION/PROCEDURES
LSA/FFE
Location Water & Foam Extinguishers
Drying fire hoses prior to rolling
Fire Pumps located in heated
compartments
Fire lines drainage
Life Boat/FRC engines
Survival Kits
Drills/Training
5.
PREPARATION/PROCEDURES
BRIDGE
Ice Forecasting/Routing
Passive microwave satellite data (Polar View)
Ice Messages Nav Warning & International Ice Patrol
(Type/Concentration - Position GMT)
BRM: Ice Conning Officer/Pilot *
Stability: Deep draft/trim by stern
Tanks above waterline
Ice Operation Manual, including emergency scenarios
Antarctic/Arctic Pilots & Ocean Passages of the World,
Mariners Handbook, Bowditch
6. NAVIGATION
LAMBERT CONFORMAL PROJECTION
Angles are represented correctly so the
navigator can plot directly on the chart.
Great Circles represented as straight
lines; because a bearing is a Rhumb
Line at high latitudes
The projection has a constant scale
over the entire chart.
Meridians are straight to facilitate
plotting and grid navigation
Lambert conformal
projection
6. NAVIGATION
CHARTS Can use variations of Mercator
Projection, Polar View, pack ice
concentrations
COMPASS ERROR large Variations
DIP Vertical component stronger, horizontal
component weaker. Acceptable up to 1000
from Magnetic Pole (73 S/N)
GYRO Continue to correct for Steaming
Error, directional instability on Spin axis at
its extreme in polar latitudes
BRM e.g.: 3 officers Aurora Australis
6. NAVIGATION
PROPOGATION Ionosphere overloaded at
poles and HF & VHF radio waves reflect off
lower layers in the Ionosphere, reducing
propagation
TIME sun circum-polar body, no sunrise/set
CELESTIAL NAVIGATION no clear horizon
(pack ice), overcast conditions, 10 altitudes
INADEQUATLEY SURVEYED WATERS
LAND differentiating between land & ice
shelf / fast ice difficult so satellite & celestial
position fixing preferred
RADAR -
DETECTING ICE
APPROACHING ICE
Expect Bergs first, then Growlers & Bergy
Bits to windward
Slow down
Call Master
Post extra lookouts / helicopter
Send Ice Message
Wide berth Bergs/Spars & Rams
Pack Ice/Ice Front navigate around
Radar
Night operations
6. SHIPHANDLING
6. SHIPHANDLING
6. SHIPHANDLING
BESET: Surrounded by ice, steering
control
lost, unable to move
NIPPED: Ice forcibly presses itself
against the
hull
Manoeuvring ahead, cycling rudder
Adjust trim/list
Deadmen/Ice Anchors
Explosives
CONCLUSION
Preparation & Planning
Respect the ice, do not fear
it
Patience in Pack Ice
Safe speed
Ice Pilot
Avoid ice if possible, if not
ice strengthened