Ch.

Introducti
on

What is a

Chief Technology Officer (CTO)

His job as one of creating value and acting as an agent of change within the firm
His job not as one of development of technology

Technology Definition
1.
2.
3.

The branch of knowledge that deal with

industrial arts, applied science, or engineering.
The terminology of an art or science; or
A technological process invention, method, or
the like and some of the ways in which a social
group provides themselves with the material
objects of their civilization.

Technology definition
Technology

is the practical
implemetation of learning and
knowledge by individuals and
organizations to aid human
endeavor.
Technology is the knowledge,
products, processes, tools, and
systems used in the creation of

Management of Technology
Is defined as linking engineering,
science, and management disciplines to
plan, develop, and implement
technological capabilities to shape and
accomplish the strategic and operational
objectives of an organization.

Levels of Development
Individuals
Individuals
Developm
Developm
ent
ent ideas,
ideas,
theories,
theories,
or
or
perspectiv
perspectiv
ee

Tacit
Tacit
Knowledg
Knowledg
ee that
that is
is
veriried
veriried
and
and
codified
codified

Knowledg
e is put to
use

LEVEL OF KNOELEDGE
Intuitive/
Tacit

Codify/
Verify

Science
Formalized
Knowledge

Develop

Phisically
embodied Procuct
and process

Variabel Kunci untuk mendorong

DAYA SAING
1.

2.
3.

Strategic Leadership, bahwa perusahaan diarahkan pada

jalur yang benar dalam hal produk, pasar dan
semacamnya.
A motivated and committed workforce, mencari budaya
kerja high performance
Effective use of technology, untuk mendorong outcome
organisasi yang efektif dan bersaing.

Sub-bidang manajemen teknologi:

Strategi teknologi
Pengembangan kemampuan teknologikal
Manajemen inovasi
Prakiraan teknologikal
Rintangan-rintangan adopsi teknologi
Fleksibilitas Teknologi dan manufaktur
E-Business

7 kualitas yang menentukan keberhasilan teknologi

dalam industri
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Functional performance (Kinerja fungsional).

Acquisition costs (Harga Beli).
Easy of use characteristics (Sifat mudah pakai).
Operating Costs (Biaya Operasi).
Reliability (KeHandalan)
Serviceability (Bisa digunakan)
Compatibility (Kompatibel)

Technology: Definition
and Characteristic

Teknologi Menurut Websters Dictionary

didefinisikan menurut 3 cara:

1.

2.
3.

Cabang Ilmu Pengetahuan yang berkenaan

dengan seni industrial, sain terapan, atau
rekayasa (engineering),
Terminologi seni dan sain,
Proses, invensi, metoda atau sejenisnya.

Jadi

Kata TECHNOLOGY
mempunyai berbagai arti,
mulai dari berbagai jenis
produk sampai berbagai
disiplin ilmu dan rekayasa.

Embedded in the definition is the notion of

knowledge
The

key to economic progress has been the

advance in knowledge created by human beings
over the centuries
Knowledge lies at the heart of economic progress.
We will anchor our definition of technology in
knowledge.

Level of Development
1.

2.

3.

Individuals develop ideas, theories, or perspectives that are

known only to them or their colleagues or the group to which
they belong. The tacit knowledge may be derived from their
experiences, experimentation, or imagination.
The second level consists of tacit knowledge that is verified
and codified through a scientific process of experimentation.
As a result of scientific verification and codification, the
knowledge becomes available to a large number of people.
Finally, there is a level of development where the knowledge
is put to usephysically embodied in products, services, or
procedure.

Intuitive/Tac
it
Diverifikasi dan kodifikasi
melalui proses ilmiah

Codify
Verify

Science Formalized
Knowledge
Develop
Physically Embodied
Product and Process

Ide, teori, perspektif,

yg hanya diketahui
hanya oleh mereka
atau koleganya

Tacit Knowledge diformalkan dan

disajikan dlm bahasa yg dpt
dikomunikasikan

Technology as Socially
Constructed
1.

Opportunity.

2.

Appropriability.

3.

Transferability.

4.

Resources.

Technology development takes place when human beings

perceive an opportunity for improvement due to either intrinsic or economic
reasons.
In many cases, where the technolgy development is due
to economic motives, individuals will pursue development only to the extent that
there is a reasonable assurance that the fruits of their labor will flow back to the
developers.
Technology or knowledge transfer is not smooth;
knowledge is sticky. When human beings communicate, there is no perfect
correspondence between the message that the sender intends and the one
understood by the receiver.
Tehcnology development consumes resources. The most obvious
resources involved are money, time, and people. In addition, other reources
collateral assetsmay be needed to exploit at technology opportunity.

1950

1970

1980

1990s

R&D
Management

Mgt of
Innovation

Technology
Strategy

Value-Based
Management

Era of Plentiful
Resources

Allocation of
Funds to projects

Era of Accountablitity

New venture
division

Linking to
business

Broader vision
Of technology

Innovation
management

Different
Organizational
arrangement

Outsourching
Tools to assess
value

Scientific &
Engineers
Internal markets
Leadership

volution Of Managemet Of Technology

Definisi Manajemen
Teknologi
Management of technology
links engineering,
science, and management
disciplines to plan, to
develop, and to implement
technological capabilities
to shape and accomplish
the strategic and
operational goals of an
organization

Manajemen teknologi
menghubungkan rekayasa, ilmu
dan manajemen untuk
merencanakan, mengembangkan
dan menerapkan kemampuan
teknologikal untuk membentuk
dan merealisasikan sasaran
strategic dan operatinal suatu
organisasi.

3 Ide dari definisi tersebut

1.

2.

3.

Penekanan manajemen teknologi pada pencapaian tujuan

organisasi. Kita akan melihat value creation bagi investor
sebagai tujuan utama manajemen teknologi dalam korporasi.
Manajemen teknologi memfokuskan pada pengembangan
kemampuan teknologikal dan implementasinya atau
penerapannya pada produk dan proses.
Manajemen teknologi dalam korporasi dihubungkan dengan
kegiatan manajemen lainnya seperti marketing dan
manufacturing.

Redefinisi Manajemen
Teknologi
Management of technology
focuses on the principles
of strategy and
organization involved in
technology choise guided by
the purpose of creating
value for investor

Manajemen teknologi
memfokuskan pada prinsipprinsip strategi dan
organisasi yang terdapat dalam
pemilihan teknologi yang
dipandu dengan tujuan
menciptakan nilai bagi
investor.

Purpose
Value-Driven
Value-Driven

How

What

Organization
Organization
And
And Management
Management

Technology
Technology
Strategy
Strategy

Technology
Technology
Choices
Choices

Managemet Of Technology

2 PERSPEKTIF DLM MGT:

A. Market Base View
B. Resource Base View
Market Base View: Management konsentrasi pada lingkungan industri
perusahaan tersebut, posisi relatifnya dibanding para pesaing, dan
bagaimana memuaskan pelanggan.
Resource Base View: Ketika lingkungan berubah, perusahaan yang
merupakan kumpulan resources dan capabilities, boleh jadi sebuah basis yg
stabil utk mendefinisikan identitasnya. Secara umum, perubahan dengan
laju yang lebih besar pada lingkungan perusahaan, maka internal resources
dan capabilities akan memberikan dasar khusus untuk pengambilan
keputusan jangka panjang.

Market Based and

Resources Based View
Dimension

Market Based

Resource Based

Drivers of strategy

Unique resources

Derivatives

Customer and
competitors
Resources

Strategy profile

Positional

Market
opportunities
Core competencies

Appropriate
contexts

Mature markets

Dynamic markets

4 Key Koncept
1.
2.
3.
4.

The Firm as a Value Chain

Industries as Competitive Domain
Forms of Technological Change
Value Creation and Competitive Advantage

Firm as a Value
Chain

Setiap perusahaan adalah sekumpulan dari aktivitas untuk

DESIGN, PRODUCE, MARKET, DEVELOP, SUPPORT.
Semua kegiatan ini dapat digambarkan sebagai VALUE CHAIN
(Rantai Nilai).

Value chain terdiri

2
1.

2.

kegiatan:
PRIMARY ACTIVITY. Terdiri dari 5 aktivitas generik: inbound
logistic, operation, outbound logistic, marketing dan
service
SUPPORT ACITIVITY. Dapat dibagi menjadi 4 aktivitas
generik: procurement, technology development, human
resources management, dan firm infrastructure.

Value Chain
rg
Ma

Firm Infrastructure
Human Resources Management

in

Technology Development
Procurement
Inbound
Logistics

Operation

Outbound
Logistics

Marketing
And Sales

Services

Industries as Competitive Domain

Industri

merupakan sekelompok perusahaan

yang menawarkan barang atau jasa yang
sama kepada customer.
Industri tersebut merupakan wilayah di mana
perusahaan-perusahaan incumbent
melakukan persaingan.
Jadi industri merupakan competitive domain

Klasifikasi Industri Berdasarkan:

Key Competitive Resources

1.

2.

3.

Capacity. Pada industri capacity driven capital investment fisik

relativ besar dibanding biaya atau nilai tambahnya. Contoh:
industri baja.
Customers. Pada industri customer-driven, investasi di brand
atau customer merupakan bagian besar dari biaya atau nilai
tambah. Contoh: industri bir.
Knowledge. Pada industri knowledge-driven, investasi R&D
cenderung merupakan bagian besar dari biaya atau nilai tambah.
Contoh: industri kimia.

Klasifikasi Industri
Capacity Driven

Customer Driven

Knowledge driven

Food processing

Food products

Electical equipment

Textiles

Customer chemical
products

Specialty chemicals

Basic metals

Household durables

Transport equipment

Stone, clay product

Glass, ceramic products

Scientific equipment

Basic chemicals
Pulp and paper

Software

Forms of Technological Change

tipe technological cange:

1. PROSES
2. PRODUK

Process
Technology

Merupakan teknik memproduksi dan memasarkan barang atau

jasa.
Process Technology meliputi work method, equipment,
distribution, dan logistic.
Oleh karena itu, process technology melekat pada VALUE CHAIN.

Product
Technology
Merupakan elemen teknologi yang melekat pada
barang atau jasa yg dihasilkan suatu perusahaan.
Contoh: Mobil BBG dan Mobil Elektrik merupakan
product technology dalam industri mobil.
Perubahan dalam product technology menambah
fitur baru atau memberikan substitusi yang lebih
baik atas produk yang ada sekarang.

JADI .
PROCESS TECHNOLOGY refer to the way an organiation
conducts its business, whereas product technology refers to
the output of an organization.
Distinction between process and product technologuy
depends on the nature of the firm.
What is often a product technology for one firm may very
well be a process technology for another firm.

Mangapa membedakan Process Technology dan

Product Technology?
1.
2.

3.

Dibandingkan perubahan teknologi produk, perubahan teknologi

proses kurang visible (nampak) dalam marketplace.
Baik perubahan teknologi proses maupun teknologi produk
punya implikasi pada kinerja ekonomis. Pada banyak kasus,
perubahan teknologi proses membuatnya feasible untuk
mengurangi biaya dan waktu siklusnya, serta memperbaiki
kualitas produknya.
Teknologi produk membantu perusahaan bersaing untuk
pelanggan, perubahan teknologi produk membantu perusahaan
redefine cakupan produk/pasar mereka.

Value Creation and

Competitive Advantage
Customer
Value
Creation

Kompetitiv
e
Advantage

Higher rate
of profit