Foundation Engineering Underpinning Methods

Foundation Engineering
Underpinning of Foundations
`
Introduction
Fields of
Application
General Steps For
Underpinning
Introduction
Underpinning is a term applied to
a group of methods used for
constructing new foundation under
existing structure.
Design of
Underpinning
Installation
Methods
Iftikhar
05-CE-62
`
Introduction
Fields of
Application
General Steps For
Underpinning
Design of
Underpinning
Installation
Methods
Iftikhar
05-CE-62
`
Fields of Application
Underpinning
is
required
in
those
Introduction
cases,
Fields of
Application
General Steps For
Underpinning
Design of
Underpinning
Installation
Methods
Iftikhar
05-CE-62
When a building is constructed

below the foundation level of an
adjacent structure.
Industrial buildings which are
reconstructed to accommodate
heavier and larger machinery.
`
Some
other
cases
are,
Introduction
Fields of
Application
General Steps For
Underpinning
Construction of shallow subway lines

built in congested cities centers under
existing buildings.
Conservation of old buildings and
monumental structures.
Design of
Underpinning
Installation
Methods
Iftikhar
05-CE-62
`
Still more,
Introduction
Fields of
Application
General Steps For
Underpinning
Design of
Underpinning
A basement is built inside a building.

The settlement of a structure with
poor foundations is to be prevented.
Moving of structures from one side
to another represents another field of
application of these methods.
Installation
Methods
Iftikhar
05-CE-62
`
General Steps For

Underpinning
Following are the major steps that

Introduction
are to be followed in any type of
underpinning operation,
Fields of
Application
General Steps For

Underpinning
Design of
Underpinning
Installation
Methods
Iftikhar
05-CE-62
Feasibility.
Setting out.
Excavation & Shoring.
Concreting.
Backfilling.
7
`
Feasibility
Before underpinning is
Introduction
commenced, an investigation
should be carried out by an
Fields of
Application
experienced and competent person.
General Steps For
Underpinning
Design of
Underpinning
Installation
Methods
Iftikhar
05-CE-62
It is to determine whether an
underpinning procedure will
achieve the object intended.
`
Setting Out
The foundation portion that has to

Introduction
be underpinned is marked very
carefully at every 1m in case of
Fields of
Application
wall and less in case of column.
General Steps For
Underpinning
Design of
Underpinning
Installation
Methods
Iftikhar
05-CE-62
`
Excavation and Shoring
The ground is excavated equally

Introduction
on both sides of footing up to the
required depth.
Fields of
Application
General Steps For

Underpinning
Design of
Underpinning
The portion to be underpinned is

shored against lateral movement
by means of preliminary supports.
Installation
Methods
Iftikhar
05-CE-62
10
`
Introduction
Fields of
Application
General Steps For
Underpinning
Design of
Underpinning
Installation
Methods
Iftikhar
05-CE-62
11
`
Concreting
Place the concrete to a depth of 75mm

Introduction
below the existing footing and vibrate.
Fields of After not less than 24 hours curing, dry
Application
pack the void with 1:3 cement, sharp
sand mixed with a minimal amount of
General Steps For
Underpinning
water and well rammed into place.
Design of
Underpinning
Allow a further 24 hours before

Installation
excavating adjacent to a mass filled or
Methods
dry packed underpinned section.
Iftikhar
05-CE-62
12
`
Introduction
Fields of
Application
Dry Pack
Method
General Steps For

Underpinning
Design of
Underpinning
Installation
Methods
Iftikhar
05-CE-62
Mass Fill
Method
13
`
Back Filling
All excavations for working width

Introduction
not concreted should be backfilled
with clean stone, compacted in
Fields of
Application
max 200mm thick layers.
General Steps For
Underpinning
Design of
Underpinning
Installation
Methods
Iftikhar
05-CE-62
14
`
Design of Underpinning
Underpinning is usually applied to

Introduction
buildings whose cost is higher than
the cost of existing structure.
Fields of
Application
General Steps For

Underpinning
Design of
Underpinning
Exception to this rule are

structures which have service or
memorial.
Installation
Methods
Iftikhar
05-CE-62
15
`
Analysis of underpinning starts

Introduction
with the evaluation of the loads
acting on the foundations.
Fields of
Application
General Steps For

Underpinning
Design of
Underpinning
Installation
Methods
Iftikhar
05-CE-62
Bearing capacity of the existing

foundations is determined and the
strength of the structure to be
underpinned is assessed.
16
`
The underpinning should be about

Introduction
0.3 to 0.5-m deeper than the level
of the excavation, and it should
Fields of
Application
carry the load all the way to the
General Steps For
stratum in which the permissible
Underpinning
settlement is ensured.
Design of
Underpinning
Installation
Methods
Iftikhar
05-CE-62
17
`
Installation Methods
Underpinning is a tedious work

Introduction
which must be done very carefully
in order that the structure to be
Fields of
underpinned should not be
Application
damaged.
General Steps For Before underpinning is undertaken
Underpinning
the existing foundation should be
Design of
uncovered.
Underpinning
Underpinning is a slow and
Installation
expensive work, underpinning
Methods
generally takes several months.
Iftikhar
05-CE-62
18
`
Installation Methods
It is a highly expensive work and

Introduction
requires specialized kind of work
force so proper attention should be
Fields of
Application
given to it.
General Steps For Different installation methods are
Underpinning
given
in
the
coming
slides.
Design of
Underpinning
Installation
Methods
Iftikhar
05-CE-62
19
Underpinning Methods
Underpinning
Methods
Pit Piers
Jacked Piles
Root Piles
Special Methods
Underpinning of
Columns
Akash Shahzad Khan
05-CE-42
Underpinning Methods
The numerous foundation methods
employed in underpinning, classified
according to the elements used in the
process,
Pit Piers
Jacked Piles
Root Piles
Special Methods
All these methods produce, under

structure, a support to which the load is
transferred.
Pit Piers
Underpinning
For underpinning of wall footing.
Methods
Pit Piers
Jacked Piles
Root Piles
Special Methods
Underpinning of
Columns
Akash Shahzad Khan
05-CE-42
Using access pits (B<2m)

alongside the wall to be
underpinned.
Afer excavating the pit 1.8m deep
under the bottom of footing it is
cut in horizontally under the wall
like lateral adit.
Wedge
7-10 cm
Underpinning
Methods
Dry
Pit Piers
Jacked Piles
Root Piles
Special Methods
packing
Preliminary Supports
Underpinning of
Columns
Access
Pit
Akash Shahzad Khan
05-CE-42
About 2m
Lateral Adits
Pit Piers
Underpinning
Masonry piers of hard burnt bricks
Methods
or precast concrete blocks are built
Pit Piers
Jacked Piles
Root Piles
Special Methods
Underpinning of
Columns
Akash Shahzad Khan
05-CE-42
up using cement mortar and 5mm

thin joint.
The spacing of the successive pits
is kept greater than 4m to ensure
ground of sufficient bearing
capacity to carry the load.
Pit Piers
Underpinning
Dry packing (7-10cm thick) is
Methods
used to transfer the load so that the
Pit Piers
Jacked Piles
Root Piles
Special Methods
Underpinning of
Columns
Akash Shahzad Khan
05-CE-42
building does not settle.

It consists of thoroughly rammed
stiff cement mortor, hard wooden
pieces and rammed roof tiles.
If the walls are not strong enough
preliminary supports are installed
before starting underpinning.
Underpinning
Methods
Pit Piers
Jacked Piles
Root Piles
Special Methods
Underpinning of
Columns
Akash Shahzad Khan
05-CE-42
Wedge
7-10 cm
Underpinning
Methods
Dry
Pit Piers
Jacked Piles
Root Piles
Special Methods
packing
Preliminary Supports
Underpinning of
Columns
Access
Pit
Akash Shahzad Khan
05-CE-42
About 2m
Lateral Adits
Underpinning
Methods
Pit Piers
Jacked Piles
Root Piles
Special Methods
Underpinning of
Columns
Akash Shahzad Khan
05-CE-42
Jacked Piles
Underpinning
Jacked piles are used for
Methods
underpinning in water bearing
Pit Piers
Jacked Piles
Root Piles
Special Methods
Underpinning of
Columns
Akash Shahzad Khan
05-CE-42
soils.
By this technique a spread footing
is converted into pile footing.
Its reliability is increased due to the
fact that precise control can be
exercised while load is being taken
up by the piles.
Underpinning
Methods
Pit Piers
Jacked Piles
Root Piles
Special Methods
Underpinning of
Columns
Akash Shahzad Khan
05-CE-42
Root Piles
Underpinning They are used in the conditions

when the spaces for underpinning
Methods
and headroom is restricted.
Pit Piers
Jacked Piles
Root Piles
Special Methods
Underpinning of
Columns
Akash Shahzad Khan
05-CE-42
Thought of less bearing

capacity(150-600kN) it may prove
economical.
Root Piles
Underpinning
They can be drilled from both
Methods
sides of walls forming an A-frame.
Pit Piers
Jacked Piles
Root Piles
Special Methods
Underpinning of
Columns
Akash Shahzad Khan
05-CE-42
When the wall is accessible from

one side they may be installed in a
fan-like manner.
They are also used for
underpinning bridge piers and
retaining walls.
Root Piles
Underpinning
Their key advantage lies in the fact
Methods
that they are installed just from the
Pit Piers
Jacked Piles
Root Piles
Special Methods
Underpinning of
Columns
Akash Shahzad Khan
05-CE-42
ground level requiring no access

pits and is not affected by water
bearing soil.
Underpinning
Methods
Pit Piers
Jacked Piles
Root Piles
Special Methods
Sidewalk Level
Basement Floor
Level
Underpinning of
Columns
High Bearing Capacity Soil
Akash Shahzad Khan
05-CE-42
Underpinning
Methods
Bridge Pier
Pit Piers
Jacked Piles
Root Piles
Special Methods
Underpinning of
Columns
High Bearing
Capacity Soil
Akash Shahzad Khan
05-CE-42
Underpinning
Retaining Wall
Methods
Pit Piers
Jacked Piles
Root Piles
Special Methods
Underpinning of
Columns
Akash Shahzad Khan
05-CE-42
Rock or Hard Strata
Ground Level
Underpinning
Methods
Pit Piers
Jacked Piles
Root Piles
Special Methods
Underpinning of
Columns
Akash Shahzad Khan
05-CE-42
Underpinning
Methods
Pit Piers
Jacked Piles
Root Piles
Special Methods
Underpinning of
Columns
Akash Shahzad Khan
05-CE-42
Special Methods
Grouting
Used for building situated above
subway lines.
Grouted arch is provided so as to
prevent the settlement.
It may also be used in place of pit piers
in order to utilize full advantage of
large area.
However, it is rarely used due to is
instability in some cases and because
of economic reasons.
Underpinning
Methods
Pit Piers
Jacked Piles
Root Piles
Special Methods
Underpinning of
Columns
Akash Shahzad Khan
05-CE-42
Special Methods
Ground Freezing
It is even less common.
It may be used as temporary work
with later permanent solution.
Underpinning of Columns
Underpinning Columns bearing on square or

Methods
rectangular footing can be underpinned
by using pit piers.
Pit Piers Preliminary supports are needed in this
case.
Jacked Piles
Root Piles Driven piles are not recommended due
to the detrimental effects of vibration on
Special Methods
the structure.
Underpinning of
Columns
Akash Shahzad Khan
05-CE-42
Underpinning
Methods
Pit Piers
Jacked Piles
Root Piles
Special Methods
Underpinning of
Columns
Akash Shahzad Khan
05-CE-42
Underpinning
Methods
Pit Piers
Jacked Piles
Root Piles
Special Methods
Underpinning of
Columns
Akash Shahzad Khan
05-CE-42
Underpinning
Methods
Pit Piers
Jacked Piles
Root Piles
Special Methods
Underpinning of
Columns
Akash Shahzad Khan
05-CE-42
Underpinning
Methods
Pit Piers
Jacked Piles
Root Piles
Special Methods
Underpinning of
Columns
Akash Shahzad Khan
05-CE-42
Underpinning
Methods
Pit Piers
Jacked Piles
Root Piles
Special Methods
Underpinning of
Columns
Akash Shahzad Khan
05-CE-42
Lateral Underpinning
05-CE-44 Akmal
Lateral Underpinning
Lateral
Underpinning In lateral underpinning a wall is used
Soldier Pile Walls
Sheet Pile Walls
Pier Walls
to
prevent
the
subsoil
from
spreading laterally, thus eliminating
the settlement.
Diaphragm Walls
Ch. Akmal
05-CE-44
47
Types of Lateral
Underpinning
Lateral The following four kinds of walls are

used in lateral underpinning:
Underpinning
Soldier Pile Walls
Sheet Pile Walls
Pier Walls
Diaphragm Walls
Ch. Akmal
05-CE-44
Soldier pile walls.

Sheet pile walls.
Pier walls.
Diaphragm walls.
48
Soldier Pile Walls
Lateral These walls are suitable for dry

dense soils.
Underpinning
Example is the installation of Soldier
pile wall around the perimeter of old
Soldier Pile Walls
building for the purpose of enclosing
Sheet Pile Walls
the land cofferdam.
Pier Walls
Diaphragm Walls The soldier piles are driven in the
ground and tied back by in-situ
anchoring.
Ch. Akmal
05-CE-44
49
Soldier Pile Walls
Lateral The effect of vibration caused by

driving is negligible, Process is
Underpinning
however noisy.
Soldier Pile Walls

The tie-back walls do not prevent the
Sheet Pile Walls
movement of a wall for a long
Pier Walls
period, especially when applied in
clay soils.
Diaphragm Walls
Soldier piles cannot be used in water
bearing soils.
Ch. Akmal
05-CE-44
50
Lateral
Underpinning
Soldier Pile Walls
Sheet Pile Walls
Pier Walls
Diaphragm Walls
Ch. Akmal
05-CE-44
51
Lateral
Underpinning
Soldier Pile Walls
Sheet Pile Walls
Pier Walls
Diaphragm Walls
Ch. Akmal
05-CE-44
52
Lateral
Underpinning
Soldier Pile Walls
Sheet Pile Walls
Pier Walls
Diaphragm Walls
Ch. Akmal
05-CE-44
53
Sheet Pile Walls
Lateral These can be used in water bearing

soils.
Underpinning
Its installation is noisy process. That
Soldier Pile Walls
is why these are seldom used in city
Sheet Pile Walls
centers.
Pier Walls
Diaphragm Walls They only appear in the underpinning
of industrial buildings.
Ch. Akmal
05-CE-44
54
Lateral
Underpinning
Soldier Pile Walls
Sheet Pile Walls
Pier Walls
Diaphragm Walls
Ch. Akmal
05-CE-44
55
Lateral
Underpinning
Soldier Pile Walls
Sheet Pile Walls
Pier Walls
Diaphragm Walls
Ch. Akmal
05-CE-44
56
Lateral
Underpinning
Soldier Pile Walls
Sheet Pile Walls
Pier Walls
Diaphragm Walls
Ch. Akmal
05-CE-44
57
Lateral
Underpinning
Soldier Pile Walls
Sheet Pile Walls
Pier Walls
Diaphragm Walls
Ch. Akmal
05-CE-44
58
Lateral
Underpinning
Soldier Pile Walls
Sheet Pile Walls
Pier Walls
Diaphragm Walls
Ch. Akmal
05-CE-44
59
Pier Walls
Lateral They are used in dry soils where pit

piers constructed under the footings
Underpinning
can be replaced by drilled walls
installed along the footings.
Soldier Pile Walls

They behave better statically than
Sheet Pile Walls
the diaphragm walls, as they ensure
a short undercut length of footing to
Pier Walls
be underpinned.
Diaphragm Walls
Ch. Akmal
05-CE-44
60
Pier Walls
Lateral Pier
walls
are
economically
competitive with diaphragm walls.
Underpinning
They are installed by means
Soldier Pile Walls
drilling which ensures less noise.
Sheet Pile Walls
Pier Walls
of
Diaphragm Walls
Ch. Akmal
05-CE-44
61
Lateral
Underpinning
Soldier Pile Walls
Sheet Pile Walls
Pier Walls
Diaphragm Walls
Ch. Akmal
05-CE-44
62
Lateral
Underpinning
Soldier Pile Walls
Sheet Pile Walls
Pier Walls
Diaphragm Walls
Ch. Akmal
05-CE-44
63
Lateral
Underpinning
Soldier Pile Walls
Sheet Pile Walls
Pier Walls
Diaphragm Walls
Ch. Akmal
05-CE-44
64
Diaphragm Walls
Lateral In water bearing soils, these walls

are economically acceptable if they
Underpinning
double for permanent walls as well
as serving in underpinning.
Soldier Pile Walls

Sheet Pile Walls These are used when diaphragm
sections are longer than 6 m & loads
Pier Walls
applied by footings of adjacent
Diaphragm Walls
footings are more than 300 kN & soil
is not too permeable.
Ch. Akmal
05-CE-44
65
Diaphragm Walls
Lateral Both diaphragm & drilled pier walls

have an advantage over steel
Underpinning
Soldier Pile Walls
Sheet Pile Walls
Pier Walls
sheeting & soldier pile walls that they

are appreciably stiffer & their
deflection is therefore small.
Diaphragm Walls
Ch. Akmal
05-CE-44
66
Lateral
Underpinning
Soldier Pile Walls
Sheet Pile Walls
Pier Walls
Diaphragm Walls
Ch. Akmal
05-CE-44
67
Lateral
Underpinning
Soldier Pile Walls
Sheet Pile Walls
Pier Walls
Diaphragm Walls
Ch. Akmal
05-CE-44
68
Lateral
Underpinning
Soldier Pile Walls
Sheet Pile Walls
Pier Walls
Diaphragm Walls
Ch. Akmal
05-CE-44
69
Lateral
Underpinning
Soldier Pile Walls
Sheet Pile Walls
Pier Walls
Diaphragm Walls
Ch. Akmal
05-CE-44
70
Lateral
Underpinning
Soldier Pile Walls
Sheet Pile Walls
Pier Walls
Diaphragm Walls
Ch. Akmal
05-CE-44
71
Lateral
Underpinning
Soldier Pile Walls
Sheet Pile Walls
Pier Walls
Diaphragm Walls
Ch. Akmal
05-CE-44
72
Lateral
Underpinning
Soldier Pile Walls
Sheet Pile Walls
Pier Walls
Diaphragm Walls
Ch. Akmal
05-CE-44
73
Lateral
Underpinning
Soldier Pile Walls
Sheet Pile Walls
Pier Walls
Diaphragm Walls
Ch. Akmal
05-CE-44
74
Lateral
Underpinning
Soldier Pile Walls
Sheet Pile Walls
Pier Walls
Diaphragm Walls
Ch. Akmal
05-CE-44
75
Lateral
Underpinning
Soldier Pile Walls
Sheet Pile Walls
Pier Walls
Diaphragm Walls
Ch. Akmal
05-CE-44
76
Lateral
Underpinning
Soldier Pile Walls
Sheet Pile Walls
Pier Walls
Diaphragm Walls
Ch. Akmal
05-CE-44
77
Lateral
Underpinning
Soldier Pile Walls
Sheet Pile Walls
Pier Walls
Diaphragm Walls
Ch. Akmal
05-CE-44
78
Bridging Supports
Bridging Supports
Bridging
Bridging supports are structures
Supports
Necessity of
Bridging
Installation of
Supports
used for the underpinning of

buildings which are situated above
the cuts of shallow sub way lines.
They consist of bridging beams
supported by pit piers.
Geological
Conditions
Difficulties
Encountered
Faheem Rasool
05-CE-52
80
Necessity of Bridging
Bridging
The bridging supports are
Supports
Necessity of
Bridging
Installation of
Supports
Geological
Conditions
Difficulties
Encountered
Faheem Rasool
05-CE-52
frequently needed in cities having

streets which are not wide enough
to accommodate the tubes or the
stations.
The structures lying above the
curved tracks which cannot follow
the contour of the street corners
must also bear on bridging
supports.
81
Installation Of Supports
Bridging The installation of Bridging supports

Supports
involve difficult and expensive
operations of eccentric underpinning
which is carried out in several stages
Necessity of
and thus considerably impedes the
Bridging
progress of work.
Installation of
Supports Due to this costly undertaking
sometimes
the
grade
line
brought
down
Geological
to a depth at which no underpinning
Conditions
was required.
Difficulties
Encountered
Faheem Rasool
05-CE-52
82
Geological Conditions
Bridging
Underpinning is a process to
Supports
Necessity of
Bridging
Installation of
Supports
Geological
Conditions
enhance the properties of

foundations. Sometimes existing
foundations as discussed in
previous slides.
Geological conditions are
favorable in hard strata.
Difficulties
Encountered
Faheem Rasool
05-CE-52
83
Difficulties Encountered
Bridging The difficulties encountered in the

Supports
underpinning of buildings situated above
the subway lines lie in the fact that the
underpinning construction cannot be
Necessity of
placed under walls where it interfere with
Bridging
the track.
Installation of
Supports The bridging beams which must be
placed
beneath
the
underpinned
footings,
Geological
usually bear on pit piers located outside
Conditions
the tunnel.
Difficulties
Encountered
Faheem Rasool
05-CE-52
84
Difficulties Encountered
Bridging
The transfer of the footing load is
Supports
Necessity of
Bridging
Installation of
Supports
accomplished by prestressing.
Simple or cantilever steel beams
are preferred in the construction of
bridging supports.
Geological
Conditions
Difficulties
Encountered
Faheem Rasool
05-CE-52
85
Enlarging Of Foundation
Enlarging of foundation
Bridging Enlarging of foundation is employed

Supports
whenever the groundwater level is close
to footing and the pit pier and jacking
methods are hardly to apply.
Necessity of
Bridging Enlarging by continuous footing of
Installation of
Supports
concrete is feasible when foundation

soil has high bearing capacity.
Geological
Conditions
Difficulties
Encountered
Faheem Rasool
05-CE-52
87
Enlarging of foundation
Bridging When soil has low bearing capacity,

Supports
enlarging must be supported by piles.
Enlarging of square or rectangular
footings can be effected by means of
Necessity of
buttressed collars.
Bridging
Installation of The method of underpinning by means
Supports
of root piles make possible to install
root piles water bearing soils down to
Geological
Conditions
firm supporting stratum.
Difficulties
Encountered
Faheem Rasool
05-CE-52
88
Enlarging of Continuous Footing
Bridging It is carried out in two stages:

Supports
Necessity of
Bridging
Installation of
Supports
Geological
Conditions
Difficulties
Encountered
Faheem Rasool
05-CE-52
One side of footing is enlarged first ,the

other side afterwards without recourse to
preliminary supports.
The first step of enlarging operation
consists of inserting needle beams in holes
drilled through the wall.
The needle beams which are I-sections are
prestressed against the walls by means of a
dry pack and against the enlargements by
means of wedges.
89
Bridging
Supports
Necessity of
Bridging
Installation of
Supports
Geological
Conditions
Difficulties
Encountered
Faheem Rasool
05-CE-52
90
Bridging
Supports
Necessity of
Bridging
Installation of
Supports
Geological
Conditions
Difficulties
Encountered
Faheem Rasool
05-CE-52
91
Bridging After the prestressing they are encased

Supports
in concrete.
The wedges must produce a deflection
of needle beams corresponding to the
Necessity of
load P applied by wall.
Bridging
Installation of The needle beams transmit the load to
Supports
enlargements,where reaction A1 and A2
acts.
Geological
Conditions
Difficulties
Encountered
Faheem Rasool
05-CE-52
92
Bridging
The existing footing is thus
Supports
Necessity of
Bridging
Installation of
Supports
Geological
Conditions
relieved from load and the width

of footing bottom which transmit
the load is only equal to B1+B2.
The enlargements are cantilevered
below the old footing and this
arrangement reduces the overall
width of enlarged footing.
Difficulties
Encountered
Faheem Rasool
05-CE-52
93
Square & Rectangular Footing
Bridging
This type of footing can be
Supports
Necessity of
Bridging
Installation of
Supports
Geological
Conditions
enlarged by means of encasing

buttresses.
This method has successfully been
applied to underpinning of
building columns, towers,
underscoured bridge piers etc
Difficulties
Encountered
Faheem Rasool
05-CE-52
94
Bridging
Supports
Necessity of
Bridging
Installation of
Supports
Geological
Conditions
Difficulties
Encountered
Faheem Rasool
05-CE-52
95
Bridging
It employs buttress collars
Supports
Necessity of
Bridging
Installation of
Supports
Geological
Conditions
Difficulties
Encountered
Faheem Rasool
05-CE-52
consrtucted around the structure.

Since the collars can be cast to a
considerable height,the area of
contact between the old and new
masonry or concrete is sufficient
to transmit the load to
enlargement,provided that chases
are cut in old face.
96
Bridging
Supports
Necessity of
Bridging
Installation of
Supports
Geological
Conditions

The roughened face should be
clean,for surface dirt is capable of
breaking the bond.
The concrete collar cast around the
footing shrinks the ensuing
pressure compresses the footing.
The collars must be heavily
reinforced.
Difficulties
Encountered
Faheem Rasool
05-CE-52
97
Bridging
Supports
Necessity of
Bridging
Installation of
Supports
Geological
Conditions
Difficulties
Encountered
Faheem Rasool
05-CE-52
98
Moving Of Structures
Operational Steps
Structures can essentially be moved

Moving of
vertically, horizontally, or in both
Structures
directions. The operation consists of
the following steps,
Operational Steps
Horizontal &
Vertical Moving
Procedure for
Moving Structures
Global Examples
Aleem Daar
05-CE-60
Underpinning of the walls and columns

above the foundation.
Cutting the structure across in a horizontal
plane to separate it from the footings.
transferring the load to a vehicle and
moving.
100
Vertical & Horizontal Moving
Moving of
Vertical moving is necessary in
Structures
those cases when the clearance of

a flyover is required to be raised.
Operational Steps
Horizontal &
Vertical Moving
Procedure for
Moving Structures
Global Examples
Aleem Daar
05-CE-60
Horizontal moving of structures is

sometimes used when streets are to
be widened or industrial buildings
relocated.
101
Vertical & Horizontal Moving
Moving of
Railways bridges, blast furnaces
Structures
Operational Steps
Horizontal &
Vertical Moving
Procedure for
Moving Structures
etc, erected alongside old operating

units are moved horizontally when a
speedy replacement of the old unit
by a new one is essential.
Moving is also applied to landmarks
and monuments lying.
Global Examples
Aleem Daar
05-CE-60
102
Transfer of Weight
Moving of
Structures
Operational Steps
Horizontal &
Vertical Moving
Procedure for
Moving Structures
Global Examples
Aleem Daar
05-CE-60
103
Elevation & Plan of Track
Moving of
Structures
Operational Steps
Horizontal &
Vertical Moving
Procedure for
Moving Structures
Global Examples
Aleem Daar
05-CE-60
104
Procedure of Moving Structures
Moving of
The weight of the structure is
Structures
Operational Steps
Horizontal &
Vertical Moving
Procedure for
Moving Structures
Global Examples
Aleem Daar
05-CE-60
transferred to steel stringers beams

encased in concrete in chases cut
in the masonry.
The stringer beams bear on needle

beams which enable the structure
to be move on rails ,usually with
gradient of 0.1% in the direction of
moving.
105
Moving of
The rails are laid on strong ties
Structures
Operational Steps
Horizontal &
Vertical Moving
Procedure for
Moving Structures
Global Examples
Aleem Daar
05-CE-60
which are in turn supported by

longitudinal beams resting on a
high capacity bearing soil or piles.
A rigid track is advantageous for

small moving distances, while
rigid underpinning is preferred for
long distances.
106
Moving of
Once the underpinning operation is
Structures
Operational Steps
Horizontal &
Vertical Moving
completed ,the structure is

separated from the footing and
moved by means of horizontal
hydraulic jacks applying a force of
about 1 to 2% of its weight.
Procedure for
Moving Structures
Global Examples
Aleem Daar
05-CE-60
107
Moving of
Structures
Operational Steps
Horizontal &
Vertical Moving
Precaution
The structure to be moved should
be heavily shored both outside and
inside and tied and braced to
prevent it from being damaged
during the moving operation.
Procedure for
Moving Structures
Global Examples
Aleem Daar
05-CE-60
108
Global Examples
Moving of
One of most spectacular examples
Structures
Operational Steps
Horizontal &
Vertical Moving
Procedure for
Moving Structures
of moving ever performed was

60m vertical rising of Abu Simbul
Temple.
The great temple weighed
2,500,000 KN and the small
temple 1,500,000 KN.
Global Examples
Aleem Daar
05-CE-60
109
Global Examples
Moving of
California Palace of the Legion of
Structures
Honor, San Francisco, California
Operational Steps
Horizontal &
Vertical Moving
Procedure for
Moving Structures
Global Examples
Aleem Daar
05-CE-60
110
Global Examples
Moving of
The moving of Amada temple
Structures
Operational Steps
Horizontal &
Vertical Moving
Procedure for
Moving Structures
Global Examples
Aleem Daar
05-CE-60
weighing 8,000 KN in one piece

on an incline to a height of 65 m
and a distance of 2600m.
Eighteen Egyptian temples were

moved to save them form being
flooded along Nile above Aswan
Dam.
111
Global Examples
Moving of
Another notable engineering
Structures
Operational Steps
Horizontal &
Vertical Moving
Procedure for
Moving Structures
Global Examples
Aleem Daar
05-CE-60
achievement was the moving of

church of the Virgin Mary in
Czechoslovakia, realized in 646
hours of travel ,in october 1975.
The church was underpinned by a

grid of reinforced concrete beams.
112
Examples
Moving of
The working drawing of an
Structures
underpinning project will be

shown in next slides.
Operational Steps
Horizontal &
Vertical Moving
Procedure for
Moving Structures
Global Examples
Aleem Daar
05-CE-60
113
114
115

Foundation Engineering Underpinning Methods

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Foundation Engineering Underpinning Methods

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Foundation Engineering

When a building is constructed

Construction of shallow subway lines

A basement is built inside a building.

General Steps For

Following are the major steps that

General Steps For

The foundation portion that has to

Excavation and Shoring

The ground is excavated equally

General Steps For

The portion to be underpinned is

Place the concrete to a depth of 75mm

Allow a further 24 hours before

General Steps For

All excavations for working width

Underpinning is usually applied to

General Steps For

Exception to this rule are

Analysis of underpinning starts

General Steps For

Bearing capacity of the existing

The underpinning should be about

Underpinning is a tedious work

It is a highly expensive work and

Akash Shahzad Khan

All these methods produce, under

Akash Shahzad Khan

Using access pits (B<2m)

Akash Shahzad Khan

Akash Shahzad Khan

up using cement mortar and 5mm

Akash Shahzad Khan

building does not settle.

Akash Shahzad Khan

Akash Shahzad Khan

Akash Shahzad Khan

Akash Shahzad Khan

Akash Shahzad Khan

Underpinning They are used in the conditions

and headroom is restricted.

Akash Shahzad Khan

Thought of less bearing

Akash Shahzad Khan

When the wall is accessible from

Akash Shahzad Khan

ground level requiring no access

Akash Shahzad Khan

Akash Shahzad Khan

Rock or Hard Strata

Akash Shahzad Khan

Akash Shahzad Khan

Akash Shahzad Khan

Underpinning Columns bearing on square or

Akash Shahzad Khan

Akash Shahzad Khan

Akash Shahzad Khan

Akash Shahzad Khan

Akash Shahzad Khan

Akash Shahzad Khan

Lateral The following four kinds of walls are

Soldier pile walls.