ANAND

INTERNATIONAL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

Presentation on

SOLAR ENERGY
Submitted by:
KAILASH CHAND KUMAWAT
College ID: 11ME041
Submitted to:
Department Of Mechanical Engineering
Anand International College Of Engineering
Jaipur-303012

WHAT IS SOLAR ENERGY?

It is the radiation from the sun that is capable of
producing heat, causing chemical reactions, or
generating electricity.
It is the largest source of energy received on Earth,
but its intensity on the earths surface is quite low.
Solar energy is rapidly becoming the ultimate
energy source because of its non-polluting character
and its inexhaustible supply which are in stark
contrast to such fossil fuel sources as coal, oil, and
natural gas.

HOW SOLAR ENERGY IS

USED?

We can use solar energy by converting it to electrical

energy . So we must use a device called solar panels
which can convert the light energy into electrical
energy.
Solar panel is a group of solar cells.
Solar cells works on the principle of Photoelectric
Effect. Photoelectric Effect is when a light of certain
frequency falls on the surface of a metal , electrons will
absorb the energy . If incident light energy is greater
than the work function(minimum energy required to
remove the loosely bound valence electrons)of the
metal ,then the photo electrons will be emitted and the
excess energy is converted to the kinetic energy of
electron.

SOLAR CELL
A solar cell (also called photovoltaic cell or
photoelectric cell) is a solid state device that converts
the energy of sunlight directly into electricity by the
photovoltaic effect. Assemblies of cells are used to
make solar modules, also known as solar panels. The
energy generated from these solar modules, referred to
as solar power, is an example of solar energy.
Cells are described as photovoltaic cells when the
light source is not necessarily sunlight. These are used
for detecting light or other electromagnetic radiation
near the visible range, for example infrared detectors,
or measurement of light intensity.

WORKING OF SOLAR CELLS

When solar panels are placed in the sunlight , photons
will strike the surface and emits electrons.
As a result electron hole pair is created in the solar
cell.
When external circuit is connected to the solar cell ,
electrons flow in the circuit and the current is
generated.

APPLICATIONS

Heaters
Green houses
Cars
Water pumps
Lights
Desalination

Satellites
Chilling
Dryers
Solar ponds
Calculators
Thermal

Commercial use:
On an office building , roof areas can be covered with
solar panels.
Remote buildings such as schools , communities can
make use of solar energy.
In developing countries , this solar panels are very
much useful.
Even on the highways , for every five kilometres ,solar
telephones are used.

APPLICATIONS

Solar Car

Solar Heater

Solar Lights

SOLAR WATER HEATER

Working principle of solar water heater is below. Water
from the cold supply is led to the cold store, then it
passes into the preheat vessel, forming the warm store,
where the cold water is heated by solar energy upto a
certain temperature. From the warm store the water is
transferred to hot storage where the hot water is further
heated by boiler or electric heater.

Main water
supply

Cold water
storage
tank

Heat from
solar energy

Heat from
auxiliary heater

Warm
water
storage
tank

Hot water
storage
tank

Hot water to
utility points

SOLAR REFRIGERATION AND AIR

CONDITIONING
Aqua-ammonia Absorption System:
It is useful even for residential requirements due to its
wide range of operating conditions (up to 0 degree C) and
non-requirements for cooling tower.
The main limitation in commercializing the solar operated
aqua-ammonia air conditioning unit is the requirement of
generator temperatures in excess of 150 degree C which is
beyond the supply limit of flat-plate collectors therefore the
generator has to be completely redesigned so that the
same can be made operational by the hot water at the
temperatures around 100 degree C.

Fig.: Schematic representation of aqua-ammonia

absorption cooling system

Lithium Bromide Water Absorption System:

It can provide evaporation temperature around 5
degree C, and operates in the pressure range of 4 to 0.8
KPa.
In this system, water acts as a refrigerant and lithium
bromide acts as an absorbent.
In this cycle, water gets evaporated from the hot weak
solution and finally gets absorbed in the cold strong
solution.
Cooling is produced during evaporation of water which
takes place in the reabsorption process.
The only problem in the lithium bromide-water system
is the risk of crystallization of lithium bromide which may
happen due to either low condenser temperature or high
generation temperature.

Fig.: Schematic representation of solar operated LiBr-H2O

absorption cooling system

SOLAR THERMAL POWER SYSTEM

Direct conversion of solar energy into electrical energy
is practically not adopted for commercial purposes for
large power demands due to high cost of cells.
Solar energy first converted into thermal energy then
thermal energy into electric energy.
A solar thermal power system consists mainly of a solar
energy collector field, some kind of fossil fuel combustor
(auxiliary system), a fluid flow distribution system, some
kind of suitable thermal energy storage device, a heat
engine, electric generator, and a control system.

Fig.: Simplified block diagram of a solar thermal

power system

SOLAR WATER PUMPING

The solar energy is directly converted into electricity
using photovoltaic (solar) cells.
This electricity is either stored in batteries or used
directly in D. C. motors or converted into A. C. using
inverter and then used in conventional water pumps.

Fig.: Solar (Photovoltaic) Water Pumping

Solar
Energy
Solar Cells
Charge
Regulator
Batteries

D. C. Motor

D. C.-A. C. Inverter

Water Pump

A. C. Motor
Water Pump

Fig.: The photovoltaic water pumping scheme

PROJECTS ON SOLAR ENERGY IN

INDIA

SOLAR ENERGY POWER IN INDIA:

FUTURE
In solar energy sector, many large projects have been proposed
in India Thar Desert has some of Indias best solar power projects,
estimated to generate 700 to 2,100 GW.
On March 1st, 2014, the then Chief Minister of Gujarat,
Narendra Modi, inaugurated at Diken in Neemuch district of
Madhya Pradesh, Indias biggest solar power plant.
The Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission (JNNSM) launched
by the Centre is targeting 20,000 MW of solar energy power by
2022.
Gujarats pioneering solar power policy aims at 1,000 MW of
solar energy generation.
About 66 MW is installed for various applications in the rural
area, amounting to be used in solar lanterns, street lighting
systems and solar water pumps, etc.

SOLAR ENERGY PROS

Solar panels give off no pollution.

Solar energy produces electricity very quietly.
Very efficient in large areas of the globe.
It is affordable in the long run.
The use of solar energy to produce electricity allows the
user to become less dependent on the worlds fossil fuel
supplies.
We dont need a power or gas grid to get solar energy. A
solar energy system can be installed anywhere. Solar
panels
can be easily placed in houses. Hence, it is quite
inexpensive compared to other sources of energy.

SOLAR ENERGY CONS

The major con of solar energy is the initial cost of solar
cells.
Solar energy is only able to generate electricity during
daylight hours. This means for around half of each day,
solar panels are not producing energy for your home.
The weather can affect the efficiency of solar cells.
Pollution can be a con of solar energy, as pollution
levels can affect a solar cells efficiency, this would be a
major con for businesses or industry wishing to install
solar panels in heavily polluted areas, such as cities.
The land space required to install a solar plant with
solar panel is quite large and that land space remains
occupied for many years altogether and cannot be used
for other purposes.

REFERENCES
1. H P Garg, J Prakash, SOLAR ENERGY: Fundamentals
and Applications, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing
Company, New Delhi, 1997.
2. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_energy
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_in_India#Cur
rent_status
3. T.M. Razykov, C.S. Ferekides, D. Morel, E. Stefanakos,
H.S. Ullal, H.M. Upadhyaya, Solar photovoltaic
electricity: Current status and future prospects, 3 Jan.
2011, Solar Energy Research Institute, UKM, Bangi,
Selangor, Malaysia.

THE END

THANK YOU