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Lesson Outline
Intersex
About 1 babies in 1,000 are born
intersexed, or hermaphroditic,
which means having an abnormal
chromosomal makeup and mixed or
indeterminate male and female sex
characteristics.
This is a function of biological sex.
Gender is different because it relates
to the way that a person behaves
based on their biological sex.
In other words, we learn how to act
manly or womanly based on the sex
that were born into and societys
expectations of that sex.
Introduction to Sociology: Sex and
Gender
Hijras embracing at a
wedding.
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Constructionist Approach to
Gender Identity
Most sociologists use a constructionist approach
and see gender as a social construction and
acknowledge the possibility that the malefemale
categories are not the only way of classifying
individuals.
Constructionists believe that gender is constructed,
or created, through our interactions with other
members of society.
In the United States we tend to classify people as
being male or female, but other societies have
different classification systems (hijras and berdaches
for example) and people are treated differently
based on the norms associated with that system.
Introduction to Sociology: Sex and
Gender
Gender Inequality
Gender inequality can be found in all past and
present societies.
The activities that women could participate in
were limited because they had less physical
strength and because of the demands of bearing
and raising children.
Men delivered the most important resources to
the group, such as food from hunting or land from
warfare, and became powerful by controlling the
distribution of these resources.
There are several sociological theories that
attempt to explain why this inequality has
persisted in contemporary societies. Were going
to discuss several of these theories now.
Introduction to Sociology: Sex and
Gender
Conflict theorists:
Believe men have historically had access
to most of societys material resources
and privileges.
Therefore, it is in their interest to try to
maintain their dominant position.
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Symbolic
Interactionists
emphasize how the
concept of gender is
socially constructed,
maintained, and
reproduced in our
everyday lives.
Introduction to Sociology: Sex and
Gender
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(contd)
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(contd)
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(contd)
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(contd)
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(contd)
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(contd)
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(contd)
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Sexual Orientation
Sexual orientation is the inclination
to be heterosexual (attracted to the
opposite sex), homosexual (attracted
to the same sex), or bisexual
(attracted to either sex).
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Sexual Orientation
(contd)
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Homophobia
Homophobia is a fear of or discrimination
toward homosexuals or toward individuals
who display purportedly genderinappropriate behavior.
Some argue that the term homophobia
represents a biased attitude because the
term phobia implies a psychological
condition, thus excusing intolerance.
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Heterosexism
Homophobia refers to individual beliefs and
behaviors, not institutionalized discrimination.
Heterosexism refers to the antihomosexual
beliefs and practices embedded in social
institutions.
Similar to white privilege; were not taught
to see how racism puts some in a position of
privilege but rather view it as something that
puts racial ethnic minorities at a disadvantage.
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Examples of Heterosexism
Hospitals do not recognize spousal rights for samesex partners sick or dying or for same-sex parents
with children in the hospital
Gay, bisexual and lesbian issues are not included in
school curricula
School rules about name-calling, harassment or
bullying are not enforced for anti-gay incidents
Student rights laws or policies do not include sexual
orientation as a protected category
School social events are organized around
assumptions of heterosexuality (dances, dating)
Lesbians and gay men are assumed to be a threat
to children in some professions: teaching, coaching,
pediatric medicine
Introduction to Sociology: Sex and
Gender
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You can go wherever you want and know that you will not be
harassed, beaten, or killed because of your sexuality
You do not have to worry about being mistreated by the police
or victimized by the criminal justice system because of your
sexuality
You can express affection (kissing, hugging, and holding
hands) in most social situations and not expect hostile or
violent reactions from others
You can discuss your relationships and publicly acknowledge
your partner (such as by having a picture of your lover on your
desk) without fearing that people will automatically disapprove
or think that you are being blatant
You can legally marry the person whom you love in all 50
states
You can receive tax breaks, health insurance coverage, and
spousal legal rights through being in a long-term relationship
Introduction to Sociology: Sex and
Gender
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Lesson Quiz
1. True or False: Sociologists believe that sex
and gender are essentially the same thing.
a. True
b. False
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Lesson Quiz
2. Which theoretical perspective generally
believes that there are still social roles
better suited to one gender than the other?
a. Conflict theory
b. Functionalism
c. Labeling theory
d. Symbolic interactionism
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Lesson Quiz
3. The physical, behavioral, and personality
traits that a group considers normal for its
male and female members is referring to:
a. sex
b. gender
c. sexual orientation
d. the functionalist theory of gender
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Lesson Quiz
4. The economic trend showing that women
are more likely than men to live in poverty
is called:
a. gender inequity
b. the suffrage movement
c. gender role socialization
d. the feminization of poverty
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Lesson Quiz
5. What was the cause most identified with
the first wave of the womens movement?
a. Equal pay for women
b. Equal access to education for women
c. The right to vote for women
d. The celebration of diversity
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