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Gears

What is a Gear?
A gear is:
A wheel that has teeth
around its edge that
interlock with the teeth
of other gears.
Wheels with mating
teeth cut in the rim or
surface so that one can
turn the other without
slippage.
Usually attached to an
axle or shaft

Applications of Gears
Toys and Small Mechanisms small, low load, low cost
kinematic analysis

Appliance gears long life, low noise & cost, low to moderate
load kinematic & some stress analysis

Power transmission long life, high load and speed


kinematic & stress analysis

Aerospace gears light weight, moderate to high load


kinematic & stress analysis

Control gears long life, low noise, precision gears


kinematic & stress analysis

Ken Youssef

Mechanical Engineering Dept.

How a Gear Works


A gear transfers circular motion from
one gear to another.

Gears

Drive Gear

Driven Gear

Driver Gears: are directly driven by a


motor
Driven Gears: mesh with the driver
gear

Why Use Gears?


1. Change the plane of rotation.
2. Increase or decrease the speed
of applied motion.
3. Increase
or
decrease
the
applied force.
4. Provide a drive without slippage
5. Split power
6. Move power from one point to
another

Two equal-sized gears


When 2 interlocking gears have the
same number of teeth, they turn at the
same speed, but in opposite directions.

Two different-sized gears


When 2 gears have different numbers of teeth,
they turn at different speeds.
If a small gear turns a large gear, the small
gear must turn more than once to cause the
large gear to complete one turn. So, the large
gear turns more slowly than the small gear.
Gears can be used to change the speed of
motion.

Common Gear Materials

Cast iron
Steel
Brass
Bronze alloys
Plastic

Different Types of Gears

Spur Gears
The teeth meet on a flat surface
They can change the speed and
direction of motion
Ex. Car transmissions

Different Types of Gears


Bevel Gears
2 gears connect at an angle
They are often cone shaped
They can change the speed and
direction of motion.
Ex. Egg Beaters

Different Types of Gears


Worm Gears
An axle or shaft has a
screw thread that
connects with
another gear.
This system is often
used to reduce the
speed and change
the direction of the
motion.

Different Types of Gears


Rack and Pinion Gears
A single gear, called a pinion, meets
with a toothed rack.
The rack may slide or stay in one place.
The system changes circular motion
into a straight line.
Ex. Railroads

Nomenclature of Spur Gear


Teeth

Clearanc
e

Fillet radius

Pitch
circle gear
Base Circle
diam.

Backlash

= (tooth spacing)driven gear (tooth thickness)driver , measured


on the pitch circle.

Ken Youssef

Mechanical Engineering Dept.

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Fundamental Law and Involute


Curve

rG

Tangent at
the point of
contact

rP

Generation of the involute curve

All common normals have


to intersect at the same
Mechanical Engineering Dept.
16
point P

rG / rP = constant (constant speed ratio)


Ken Youssef

Useful Relations
P=N/d

P = diametral pitch, teeth per inch


N = number of teeth
d = pitch diameter (gear diameter)
p (circular

pitch) = d / N

Pp =

Metric system
m (module, mm) = d / N

Ken Youssef

Mechanical Engineering Dept.

17

Standard Tooth Specifications


Pressure angle
Base
circle

of
Line
n
act i o

Pressure angle

Pitch
circle

Pitch
circle
Pitch
line

Base
circle
Line of centers

Standard pressure angles, 14.5o (old), 20o, and


25o

Two mating gears must have the same diametral pitch, P, and
pressure angle, .
Ken Youssef

Mechanical Engineering Dept.

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