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MIS
Development of MIS
System development is regarded as another form
of problem-solving which consists of activities like
understanding the problem,
deciding a plan for a solution,
coding the planned solution, and
testing the coded program
Development of MIS
SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT STAGES
In order to develop a system successfully, it is managed by
breaking the total development process into smaller basic
activities or phases. Any system development process, in
general, is understood to have the following phases:
Investigation,
Analysis,
Design,
Construction,
Implementation, and
Maintenance
Development of MIS
SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT STAGES
System Investigation
Some problem may be bothering a business organisation. The
managers in the organisation (user) may or may not be very
clear about the problem. The user may invite a system
analyst or information analyst (consultant) to assist him/her
in defining and resolving the problem in a clear way.
Development of MIS
SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT STAGES
System Investigation
Preliminary investigation
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Development of MIS
SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT STAGES
System Investigation
System investigation includes the following two sub-stages:
Problem definition, and
Feasibility study.
Problem Definition
Although the need for problem definition may seem obvious,
this is perhaps the most frequently bypassed step in the
entire system development process.
Development of MIS
SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT STAGES
System Investigation
So the first responsibility of a system analyst is to prepare a
written statement of the objectives and scope of the problem.
Based on interviews with the user, the analyst writes a brief
description of his/her understanding of the problem, and
reviews it with both groups, ideally in a joint user/information
analyst meeting. People respond to written statements. They
ask for clarifications and they correct obvious errors
misunderstandings. This is why a clear statement of
objectives is so important.
Development of MIS
SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT STAGES
System Investigation
In other words, proper understanding and definition of the
problem is essential to discover the cause of the problem and
to plan a directed investigation by asking questions like what
is being done? Why? Is there an underlying reason different
from the one the user identifies?
Development of MIS
SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT STAGES
System Investigation
Here are some possible definitions of problems:
Development of MIS
SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT STAGES
System Investigation
Similarly, a system analyst should provide a rough estimate
of the cost involved for the system development. is again a
very important question, which also is not asked until it is
quite late in the system development process.
Development of MIS
SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT STAGES
System Investigation
Feasibility Study
Development of MIS
SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT STAGES
System Investigation
Feasibility Study
The finding of this study should be formally presented to the
user management. This presentation marks a crucial decision
point in the life of the project.
If the management approves the project, the feasibility study
report represents an excellent model of the system analyst's
understanding of the problem and provides a clear sense of
direction for the subsequent development of the system.
Development of MIS
SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT STAGES
System Investigation
Feasibility Study
The aim of a feasibility study is to assess alternative systems
and to propose the most feasible and desirable for
development.
Thus, feasibility study provides an overview of the problem
and acts as an important checkpoint that should be
completed before committing more resources.
Development of MIS
SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT STAGES
System Investigation
Feasibility Study
The feasibility of a proposed system can be assessed in terms of
four major categories.
Organizational Feasibility
The extent to which a proposed information system supports the
objective of the organisation's strategic plan for information
systems determines the organisational feasibility of the system
project. The information system must be taken sub-set of the
whole organisation
Development of MIS
SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT STAGES
System Investigation
Economic Feasibility
Development of MIS
SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT STAGES
System Investigation
Technical Feasibility
Whether reliable hardware and software capable of meeting
the needs of the proposed system can be acquired or
developed by the organisation in the required time is a major
concern of the technical feasibility.
Development of MIS
SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT STAGES
System Investigation
Technical Feasibility
In other words, technical feasibility includes questions like:
Does the necessary technology exist to do what is
suggested, if it does then can it be acquired?
Does the proposed equipment have the technical capacity
to hold the data required to use the new system?
Will the proposed system provide adequate responses to
inquiries, regardless of the number of locations and
Can the system be expanded?
Is there any technical surety of accuracy, reliability, ease of
access and data security
Development of MIS
SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT STAGES
System Investigation
Operational Feasibility
Development of MIS
SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT STAGES
System Investigation
Operational Feasibility
Development of MIS
SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT STAGES
System Investigation
Operational feasibility
Operational feasibility would pass the test if the system is
developed as per rules, regulations, laws, organisational
culture, union agreements, etc., and above all with the active
involvement of the users.
Development of MIS
SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT STAGES
System Investigation
Besides these four main categories, the system should also
be assessed in terms of legal feasibility and schedule
feasibility. Whereas legal feasibility refers to the viability of
the system from the legal point of view, i.e.it checks whether
the system abides by all laws and regulations of the land.
The schedule feasibility evaluates the probability of
completing the system in the time allowed for its
development, since for the system to be useful, it must be
finished well before the actual requirement of its usage.
Development of MIS
SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT STAGES
System Investigation
For determining feasibility, a project proposal must pass all
these tests. Otherwise, it is not a feasible project.
For example, a production management system, that is
economically feasible and operationally attractive, is not
feasible if the necessary technology does not exist.
Infeasible projects are abandoned at this stage, unless they
are reworked and resubmitted as new proposals
Development of MIS
SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT STAGES
System Investigation
Following are the methods for conducting a preliminary
investigation:
Methods of Preliminary Investigation
During a preliminary investigation, the following two main methods
are used:
Reviewing documents, and
Interviewing selected persons.
Development of MIS
SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT STAGES
System Investigation
Methods of Preliminary Investigation
Reviewing Organization Documents
The analysts conducting the investigation first learn about the
organisation involved in, or affected by, the project.
For example, to review an inventory systems proposal means knowing
first how the inventory department operates and who the managers
and supervisors are?
This can be learnt by examining the organisation charts and studying
written operating procedures. The procedures describe how the
inventory process should operate and identify the most important
steps involved in receiving, managing and dispensing stock.
Development of MIS
SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT STAGES
System Investigation
Methods of Preliminary Investigation
Conducting Interviews
Written documents do not give user-views about current
operations.
To learn these details, analysts conduct interviews. Interviews
allow analysts to learn more about the nature of the system
project request and the reason for submitting it.
Development of MIS
SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT STAGES
System Investigation
Methods of Preliminary Investigation
Conducting Interviews
To accomplish the purpose of the interview, analysts must be
sure to emphasise the request and the problem it addresses.
In other words, interviews should provide details that further
explain the project and show whether assistance is merited
economically, operationally and technically. It must be kept in
mind that working out a solution to the situation comes later,
during detailed investigation.
Development of MIS
SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT STAGES
System Investigation
Methods of Preliminary Investigation
The following format is suggestive of the preliminary investigation
scope:
Project Title
Problem Statement : Concise, possibly in a few lines, stating the
problem.
Project Objectives : State objectives of the project defined by the
problem.
Preliminary Ideas : Possible solutions, if any, occurring to user
and/or analyst could be stated here.
Project Scope
: Give overall cost estimate.
Feasibility Study : Indicate here time and cost for the next step.
Development of MIS
SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT STAGES
System Analysis
Analysis is a detailed study of the various operations of a
business activity (system), along with its boundaries. The
objective of this phase is to determine exactly what must be
done to solve the problem. Many system analysts have a
technical background. The temptation of many technically
trained people is to move too quickly to program design, to
become pre-maturely physical. Such a temptation must be
avoided. Rather a logical model of the system should be
developed using various modern tools such as data flow
diagrams, an elementary data dictionary and rough
descriptions of the relevant algorithms
Development of MIS
SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT STAGES
System Analysis
System analysis involves a detailed study of:
Development of MIS
SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT STAGES
System Analysis
The final product of system analysis is a set of system
requirements of a proposed information system. Keeping in
view the importance of system analysis, this has been
discussed in detail. The analysis phase provides the analyst
with a clear understanding of what is to be done. The next
step is to decide as to how the problem might be solved.
Development of MIS
SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT STAGES
System Design
Development of MIS
SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT STAGES
System Design
User interface,
Data design, and
Process design.
Development of MIS
SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT STAGES
System Design
Where an interface design activity focuses on designing the
interactions between end users and computer systems.
The data design activity focuses on the design of the logical
structure of database and files to be used by the proposed
information system.
Process design activity focuses on the design of the software
resources, that is, the programs and procedures needed by
the proposed information system.
Development of MIS
SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT STAGES
System Design
In this phase, system designers should use their knowledge
of business operations, information processing and hardware
and software to specify the physical design of an information
system. The design must specify what type of hardware
resources, software resources programs and procedures), and
people resources (end users and system staff) would be
needed. These specifications are also known as system
specifications.
Development of MIS
SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT STAGES
System Design
Construction and Testing
Once the system specifications are understood, the system is
physically created. The required programs are coded,
debugged, and documented. The system should be tested
with some test data to ensure its accuracy and reliability. In
fact, construction of the system takes place on the basis of
the system design specifications. So in this phase, the various
directions as per system
specifications are followed. In
addition to the activities performed during system
development, some activities are performed after the basic
development is complete. Such activities are covered under
the implementation phase and maintenance phase.
Development of MIS
SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT STAGES
System Design
Implementation
The system implementation stage involves hardware and
software acquisition, site preparation, user training and
installation of the system. Here again, testing of the system,
involving all components and procedures should be done. It
must be realised that implementation may be the most
crucial phase of System Development Life Cycle, because this
step is vital in assuring the success of any newly developed
system. Even a well-designed system will fail if it is not
properly implemented.
Having made the plan of the MIS; the development of the MIS
calls for determining the strategy of development.
The development strategy determines where to begin and in
what sequence the development can take place with the sole
objective of assuring the information support.
Development of MIS
SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT STAGES
System Design
Maintenance
Development of MIS
SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT APPROACHES
Waterfall Model
Development of MIS
SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT APPROACHES
Waterfall Model
Development of MIS
SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT APPROACHES
Development of MIS
SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT APPROACHES
Development of MIS
SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT APPROACHES
Prototyping
Development of MIS
SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT APPROACHES
Prototyping
Development of MIS
Development of MIS
SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT APPROACHES
Prototyping
Here, the initial prototype system, which meets the user's basic
information requirements, is developed. It is developed in the
minimum possible time. The speed of building rather than
efficiency of the prototype is the main consideration.
Development of MIS
Development of MIS
Development of MIS
Development of MIS
LIFE CYCLE
There are many systems which have a life cycle that is
starting and ending step which indicates that the system is
very much structured and rule based.
They have 100% clarity of input & their resources, definite set
of o/p in terms of the contents and formats. This system can
be developed in systematic manner
eg; accounting , payroll etc
Development of MIS
SDLC
Development of MIS
For the successful implementation of the system. The system
designer should
Development of MIS
Development of MIS
SDLC