Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Programme on
Industrial Instrumentation
04/02/15
Syllabus
Basic concept of measurement, Transducers and their
classification, Measurement of non-electrical quantities
like Angular and Linear Displacement, Strain,
Vibration, Pressure, Liquid flow, Temperature, Force
and Torque. Instrumentation amplifiers, Data
acquisition and conversion, Digital signal transmission
and processing, Microprocessor based instrumentation.
Input and output devices and Displays.
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INTRODUCTION
An instrumentation system is an assembly of
various
instruments
and
components
interconnected to measure analyse and
control the electrical, thermal hydraulic and
other non-electrical physical quantities.
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Data-presentation element
The information about the quantity under
measurement has to be conveyed to the
personnel handling the instrument or the
system for monitoring control, or analysis
purposes. The information conveyed must be
in a form intelligible to the personnel.
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Data-presentation element
cont..
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Terminating stage
The final stage in a measurement system is
known as terminating stage.
When a control device is used for the final
measurement stage it is necessary to apply
some feedback to the input signal to
accomplish the control objectives.
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Signal Conditioning
Many a times one has to perform certain operations
on the signal before it is transmitted further. These
processes may be linear like amplification, alternation,
integration, differentiation addition and subtraction.
Some non-linear processes like modulation, detection,
sampling filtering, chopping and clipping etc. are
performed on the signal to bring to the desired form.
This is called signal conditioning.
In fact the element that follows the primary sensing
element in any instrument or instrumentation system
should be called signal-conditioning element.
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Transmitting element
When the elements of an instrument are
physically separated, it becomes necessary to
transmit data from one to another.
The element that performs this function is
called a transmitting element.
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Process Control
In order to control the process variables like
temperature, pressure, humidity etc. these quantities
must be measured at the desired location in the
processing plant. They are compared with the reference
or desired signal and the error signal is amplified to
operate the actuator in controlling the process. The
corrective action goes on till the controlled output is
same as the desired output, in that case the error signal
will be zero and the actuator will not operate.
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TRANSDUCERS
A device, which converts one form of energy
into another form of energy, is called transducer.
For the field of electrical instrumentation
transducer is defined as a device, which converts
a physical quantity (or a physical condition) into
an electrical signal Transducer is often referred
as pick-up.
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Type of Transducers
Primary Transducers
Secondary Transducers
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Primary transducers
Primary transducers are detectors, which sense
a physical phenomenon.
The example of primary transducer is a
thermocouple, which senses the radiant energy
and directly converts it into an analogous
electrical output, which is a voltage.
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Secondary transducers
Secondary transducers convert the analogous
output into on electrical signal.
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Classification of transducers
The transducers can be active, that is self
generating type or passive, that is externally
powered.
Passive transducers derive the power required
for energy conversion from an external power
source. Potentiometers are the examples of
passive transducers.
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Active transducers
(i) Thermoelectric,
(ii) Piezoelectric,
(iii) Photovoltaic
(iv) Magnatostrictive,
(v) Electro kinetic
(vi) Electrodynamic,
(vii) Electromagnetic,
(viii) Pyroelectric,
(ix) Galvanic
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Passive transducers
(i) Resistive
(ii) Inductive
(iii) Capacitive
(iv) Photoconductive
(v) Magneto resistive
(vi) Thermo resistive
(vii) Elastoresistive
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(ix) Synchro
(x) Gyro
(xi) Radio active
absorption
(xii) Ionic conduction
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Ruggedness
Linearity
Repeatability
Convenient instrumentation
High stability & reliability
Good dynamic response
Excellent mechanical characteristics
Built-in integrated device with noise and
other defects minimized
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Types of Detectors
Electrical Transducers
Pressure Transducers
Piezzo-electric Transducers
Oscillation transducers
Inductive Transducer
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Minimized friction
Minimized mass-inertia effect
Easy Electrical amplification
Very small power electrical/electronic system controlled
The electrical output can be easily used, transmitted and
processed for the purpose of measurement.
Miniaturization due to integrated circuits and use of
microprocessors.
Easy Data transmission etc.
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MEASUREMENT
OF
DISPLACEMENT
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Variable
resistancePotentiometric/strain gauge
Variable inductance-LVDT/ variable
reluctance
Variable capacitance
Synchros and resolvers
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MEASUREMENT
OF
STRAIN
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gauges
Optical gauges
Electrical strain gauges
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Wire gauges
i. Flat grid type
ii. Wrap around type
iii. Single wire gauge
iv. Woven type
Unbonded Strain gauges
Foil gauges
Semiconductor strain gauges
Thin film gauges
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MEASUREMENT
OF
PRESSURE
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Classification of transducers
1. Gravitational i.e. Manometer
2. Elastic type
Diaphragms
Capsule
Bourdon tube
Bellows
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Transduction methods:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
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Potentiometric Device
Strain Gauge transducer
Variable reluctance Sensor
LVDT type transducer
Variable capacitance Device
Thin Film Pressure transducer
Force Balance transducer
Piezoelectric Pressure Transducer
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MEASUREMENT
OF
FLOW
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2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
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MEASUREMENT
OF
TEMPERATURE
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2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
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MEASUREMENT
OF
FORCE AND TORQUE
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Types of transducers
1. Force Measuring sensor Load cell:
i.
Column type device
ii.
Proving rings
iii. Cantilever beam
iv. Shear type load cell
v.
Pressducer
2. Digital force transducer
3. Force balance device
4. Hydraulic load cell
5. Electronic weighing system
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Absorption type
Transmission type
Stress type
Deflection type
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INSTRUMENTATION
AMPLIFIER
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Important features
i. Selectable gain with high gain accuracy and gain
linearity
ii. Differential input capability with high common
mode rejection, even with sources having
unbalance high out put impedances
iii. High stability of gain with low temperature
coefficient
iv. Low DC offset and drift errors referred to input
v. Low out put impedance
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