CH10 PPT NetworkNaming

Mike Meyers CompTIA Network+ Guide to Managing
and Troubleshooting Networks, Third Edition (Exam

N10-005)
Network Naming
Chapter 10
2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

N10-005)
Objectives
Describe the function and
capabilities of DNS
Configure and troubleshoot WINS
Use common TCP/IP utilities to
diagnose problems with DNS and
WINS

N10-005)
Overview

N10-005)
Introduction to naming
Computers use IP addresses to
communicate
People remember names better
than numbers
Name resolution created to
convert names to IP addresses
(and vice versa)

N10-005)
Name resolution has evolved

over the years
Main protocol is Domain Name
System (DNS)
Operating systems support old
and new
Windows, Linux, and Macintosh
OS X still support Windows
Internet Name Server (WINS)

N10-005)
Figure 10.1 Turning names into numbers


N10-005)
Three parts to Chapter 10

DNS
WINS
Diagnosing TCP/IP networks

N10-005)
DNS

N10-005)
DNS
Early Internet use of HOSTS
file
One file copied to all hosts on
the Internet
Contained a list of IP addresses
for every computer, matched to
system names
Preceded rules for composing
Internet names

N10-005)
HOSTS file
Preceded DNS
Anyone could name computer
anything
Duplicate names not allowed
Sample old HOSTS file:
192.168.2.1 fred
201.32.16.4 SCHOOL2
123.21.44.16 SERVER

N10-005)
HOSTS file (cont.)

HOSTS file updated on every
system every morning at 2
a.m.
Impractical after Internet grew
to 5000
New name system, but HOSTS
file still exists
# symbol indicates a line is a
comment

N10-005)
HOSTS file (cont.)

Every OS first looks in HOSTS
file
Follow-up to Try This!
Every TCP/IP app looks at HOSTS file
If you altered the HOSTS file per the
Try This!, enter this command:
ping timmy

N10-005)
HOSTS file (cont.)

Some people place shortcut
names in a HOSTS file to avoid
typing a long name
into browser
DNS is more powerful and used
much more

N10-005)
How DNS works

No single computer can handle
all Internet name resolution
Delegation used
Top-dog DNS system delegates parts of
the job
Subsidiary DNS systems delegate parts
of their work
All DNS servers run a special DNS
server program

N10-005)
How DNS works (cont.)

Naming system facilitates
delegation
Top-dog DNS a bunch of
powerful systems
Dispersed around the world
Known collectively as the DNS root
servers (or DNS root)
The Internet name for DNS root is .
Below root are the top-level domain servers

N10-005)
Name spaces
HOSTS file uses a flat name
space
DNS uses a hierarchical name
space
A hierarchy of DNS domains and
computer names
Hierarchical DNS name space is the
DNS Tree
Root is the holding area to which all
domains connect

N10-005)
Name spaces (cont.)

Home-brewed DNS
Must not connect to the Internet
Set up a DNS server to be the root
server

N10-005)
Figure 10.2 Our People name space


N10-005)
Figure 10.3 Two DATA.TXT files in different

directories on the same system

N10-005)
Name spaces (cont.)

DNS naming syntax
Opposite of disk folder/directory syntax
A complete DNS name is a fully
qualified domain name (FQDN)
Host and all domains in order
Root is far right

N10-005)
Figure 10.4 Private DNS network


N10-005)
Figure 10.5 Two DNS domains


N10-005)
Figure 10.6 Subdomains added


N10-005)
Key players in DNS

DNS Name Server: running DNS
software
DNS Zone: A container for a
single DNS domain that gets
populated with records
DNS record: a line in the zone
data that maps an FQDN to an IP
address

N10-005)
Name servers
One server is authoritative DNS
server for
a domain
a.k.a. Start of Authority (SOA)
Other name servers (NS) are
subordinate
All DNS servers know the address of
SOA and all NS servers in the domain
SOA keeps others updated
Name servers can host multiple

N10-005)
Name servers (cont.)

Other systems send queries to
DNS servers
Request resolution of FQDNs to
IP addresses

N10-005)
Figure 10.7 A single SOA can support one or

more domains.

N10-005)
Figure 10.8 DNS flexibility

N10-005)
Figure 10.9 New information passed out


N10-005)
Figure 10.10 Root server in action


N10-005)
Figure 10.11 DNS domain


N10-005)
Name resolution
DNS not required to access
Internet
DNS just makes it much easier
IP addresses required for
connections
Most people would not use
Internet without DNS name
resolution

N10-005)
Name resolution (cont.)

Type Web address into a
browser
It must resolve the name to IP
address
Three ways to resolve a name
Broadcasting
HOSTS file
Querying a DNS server

N10-005)
Figure 10.12 Any TCP/IP-savvy program accepts

either an IP address or an FQDN.

N10-005)
Figure 10.13 Routers dont forward broadcasts!


N10-005)
Figure 10.14 A host contacts its local DNS server.


N10-005)
Figure 10.15 DNS information in Windows


N10-005)
Figure 10.16 Entering DNS information in Ubuntu


N10-005)
Figure 10.17 ipconfig /all showing DNS information

in Windows

N10-005)
Figure 10.18 Checking the DNS cache


N10-005)
Figure 10.19 Talking to a root server


N10-005)
Figure 10.20 Talking to the .com server


N10-005)
Figure 10.21 Talking to microsoft.com DNS server

N10-005)
DNS servers (in action)

Most OSes have built-in DNS
server software
Server versions of Windows
Most versions of UNIX/Linux
Third-party DNS servers

N10-005)
DNS Servers (in action) (cont.)

Three special storage areas
Cached lookups
Forward lookup zones
Reverse lookup zones

N10-005)
Figure 10.22 DNS server main screen


N10-005)
Figure 10.23 Inspecting the DNS cache


N10-005)
DNS servers (in action) (cont.)

Cache-only DNS servers
Do not store lookup zones
Talk to other DNS servers to resolve for
clients
Are never the authoritative server for a
domain

N10-005)
Figure 10.24 Authoritative vs. cache-only DNS server

N10-005)
Totalhome domain example

Does not comply with Internet
rules
None of the computers is visible
on Internet
Only usable on private network
Forward lookup is named
totalhome
All the DNS servers listed under

N10-005)
Totalhome forward lookup

zone
Each system in the domain has an
A record
An alias for a system is a canonical
name (CNAME)
SMTP servers use MX records (Mail
eXchanger)
AAAA records are for IPv6
addresses

N10-005)
Figure 10.25 Forward lookup zone totalhome


N10-005)
Figure 10.26 Less common DNS record types


N10-005)
Forward lookup zones

Two types of forward lookup
zones:
Primary zone and Secondary zone
Resolve FQDN to IP address with
Reverse lookup zone

N10-005)
Figure 10.27 Two DNS servers with updating

taking place

N10-005)
Figure 10.28 Reverse lookup zone


N10-005)
Windows DNS server

Performs most functions exactly
like UNIX/Linux DNS servers
Adds a Windows-only Active
Directory-integrated zone
Avoids problems of standard
DNS servers
All domain controllers are DNS
servers
All DNS servers are equal

N10-005)
Enter Windows
1980s Microsoft
NetBIOS/NetBEUI
1990s Microsoft created
NetBIOS over TCP/IP added
NetBIOS naming to DNS
Old sharing protocol Server
Message Block (SMB)

N10-005)
Figure 10.29 NetBIOS broadcast


N10-005)
Enter WindowsNetBIOS over

TCP/IP
New sharing protocol Common
Internet File System (CIFS)
SMB/CIFS adopted by UNIX/Linux
and Mac OS X
CIFS and DNS work together

N10-005)
Figure 10.30 Samba on Ubuntu (its so common that the OS

doesnt even use the term in the dialog box)

N10-005)
Living with the legacy of CIFS

Networks using CIFS use two
name systems
CIFS broadcast to find local
server
DNS query to find TCP/IP host
CIFS and DNS work together

N10-005)

(cont.)
CIFS organizes computers into
workgroups
Computer joins a workgroup
Flat name space
See workgroups in Network/My
Network Places

N10-005)
Figure 10.31 Joining a workgroup


N10-005)
Figure 10.32 Two workgroups in Network folder


N10-005)

(cont.)
Computers controlled by
Windows domain controller
server are grouped in a
Windows domain
Windows computers join a
domain
Computers (and users)
authenticate to the domain

N10-005)
Figure 10.33 Logging in to the domain


N10-005)

(cont.)
An Active Directory domain is an
organization of computers that
shares one or more Windows
domains
All Active Directory Windows
domain controllers are DNS
servers
All domain controllers are equal

N10-005)
Figure 10.34 If one domain controller goes down,

another automatically takes over.

N10-005)
Active Directory-integrated
zones
DNS info is stored in the AD
database, instead of text files
AD is stored across several
domain controllers, so theres
no longer only one copy
Domain controllers
automatically replicate DNS
zone information along with

N10-005)
Dynamic DNS (DDNS)

DNS previously required manual
updates to zone files
This became very problematic as
the Internet and organizations
computers grew in numbers
Dynamic DNS (DDNS) enables a
DNS server to talk to a DHCP
server and get IP addressing
info on its clients

N10-005)
Dynamic DNS (cont.)

Most modern DNS software can
use DDNS
Windows clients can also update
DNS server files automatically

N10-005)
Dynamic DNS on the Web

High-speed connections now
enable home computers to run
as web and file servers, and
enable remote connections to it
Problem existed with home or
office
router-assigned DNS names
Dynamic DNS maps home or
office router

N10-005)
Dynamic DNS on the Web

(cont.)
If routers external IP address
changes, it notifies the dynamic
DNS service and makes the
change
Allows home or office network to
be contacted via domain name
regardless of IP address
changes

N10-005)
Troubleshooting DNS
Client is source of most DNS
problems
DNS servers rarely go down
If a DNS server is down, clients
use secondary DNS server
Symptom: server not found
error

N10-005)
Figure 10.35 DNS error


N10-005)
Troubleshooting DNS (cont.)

Eliminate any local DNS caches
Do not use Web browser for
troubleshooting
On Windows, run ipconfig /flushdns
Ping the name of a well-known Web
site
Does it return an IP address?

If not, ping an IP address

N10-005)
Figure 10.36 Using ping to check DNS


N10-005)

If the previous steps indicate a
problem with the DNS server,
run nslookup utility
Queries functions of DNS servers
Depends on proper permission level
Use to change how your system uses
DNS

N10-005)

Run nslookup without parameters
to get
IP address and name of default DNS
server
Error indicates primary DNS server is
down or client has wrong IP for DNS
server
nslookup has own prompt

N10-005)

UNIX/Linux tool: domain
information groper (DIG)
Similar to nslookup
Non-interactive
Ask it a question; it answers

N10-005)
WINS

N10-005)
WINS
Legacy NetBIOS
Current versions of Windows
use DNS and/or CIFS
NetBIOS names supported for
backwards compatibility
NetBIOS system broadcasts its
name

N10-005)
Prior to CIFS
LMHOSTS file
Works for NetBIOS like HOSTS does for
DNS
Microsoft OSes still support
Every Windows systems has an
LMHOSTS file

N10-005)
Windows Internet Naming

Service (WINS)
WINS server for legacy Windows
No broadcasting: NetBIOS hosts
register with WINS
Allows NetBIOS to function in a
routed network
WINS proxy agent for legacy
Windows

N10-005)
Figure 10.37 WINS server


N10-005)
Figure 10.38 Proxy agent


N10-005)
Configuring WINS clients

Enter IP address of WINS server
WINS information can be added
to DHCP
WINS clients register NetBIOS
names with WINS server

N10-005)
Troubleshooting WINS
Most WINS problems are
NetBIOS problems
Two systems sharing same name
Change name of one system
NBTSTAT
Check name cache with nbtstat c
Determine if WINS server has given inaccurate
info

N10-005)
Diagnosing TCP/IP
networks

N10-005)
Improper configuration
causes most problems
Ping anyone you want to
connect to
Regardless of what the user
cannot connect to, you
perform the same steps

N10-005)
Use common sense

If one system behaves differently
than others, the problem is with the
client
Before starting steps (below) check
the network connections and
protocols

N10-005)
Steps for troubleshooting

TCP/IP
Diagnose the NIC
Diagnose locally
Check IP address and subnet mask
Run netstat with no options
Run netstat s
Diagnose to the gateway
Diagnose to the Internet

N10-005)
Figure 10.39 The net view command in action


N10-005)
Figure 10.40 The netstat command in action


N10-005)
Figure 10.41 Using tracert


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Mike Meyers CompTIA Network+ Guide to Managing

and Troubleshooting Networks, Third Edition (Exam

Mike Meyers CompTIA Network+ Guide to Managing

2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Mike Meyers CompTIA Network+ Guide to Managing

2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Mike Meyers CompTIA Network+ Guide to Managing

Mike Meyers CompTIA Network+ Guide to Managing

Name resolution has evolved

Mike Meyers CompTIA Network+ Guide to Managing

Figure 10.1 Turning names into numbers

Mike Meyers CompTIA Network+ Guide to Managing

Three parts to Chapter 10

2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Mike Meyers CompTIA Network+ Guide to Managing

2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Mike Meyers CompTIA Network+ Guide to Managing

2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Mike Meyers CompTIA Network+ Guide to Managing

Mike Meyers CompTIA Network+ Guide to Managing

HOSTS file (cont.)

2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Mike Meyers CompTIA Network+ Guide to Managing

HOSTS file (cont.)

2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Mike Meyers CompTIA Network+ Guide to Managing

HOSTS file (cont.)

2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Mike Meyers CompTIA Network+ Guide to Managing

How DNS works

Mike Meyers CompTIA Network+ Guide to Managing

How DNS works (cont.)

Mike Meyers CompTIA Network+ Guide to Managing

2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Mike Meyers CompTIA Network+ Guide to Managing

Name spaces (cont.)

2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Mike Meyers CompTIA Network+ Guide to Managing

Figure 10.2 Our People name space

Mike Meyers CompTIA Network+ Guide to Managing

Figure 10.3 Two DATA.TXT files in different

Mike Meyers CompTIA Network+ Guide to Managing

Name spaces (cont.)

2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Mike Meyers CompTIA Network+ Guide to Managing

Figure 10.4 Private DNS network

Mike Meyers CompTIA Network+ Guide to Managing

Figure 10.5 Two DNS domains

Mike Meyers CompTIA Network+ Guide to Managing

Figure 10.6 Subdomains added

Mike Meyers CompTIA Network+ Guide to Managing

Key players in DNS

Mike Meyers CompTIA Network+ Guide to Managing

Name servers can host multiple

2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Mike Meyers CompTIA Network+ Guide to Managing

Name servers (cont.)

2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Mike Meyers CompTIA Network+ Guide to Managing

Figure 10.7 A single SOA can support one or

Mike Meyers CompTIA Network+ Guide to Managing

Figure 10.8 DNS flexibility