Review Article Resuscitation Fluids

Review Article
Resuscitation Fluids
The New England Journal of Medicine
John A. Mayburgh M.B., Ph.D, Michael G. Maythen M.B
September 26, 2013
Elda Oncossya Panggabean

1061050134
Fluid resuscitation with colloid and crystalloid

solutions is an ubiquitous intervention in acute
medicine
No ideal resuscitation
fluid exist
September 26, 2013
History of Fluid Resuscitation

In 1832, Robert Lewins
the effects of the IV administration of
an alkalinized salt solution in treating
patients during the cholera pandemic.
The quantity necessary to be injected will probably be found to
depend upon the quantity of serum lost; the object being to place the
patient in nearly his ordinary state as to the quantity of blood
circulating in the vessels
Lewins R. Saline injections into the veins. London Medical Gazette. April 7,
1832:257-68.
September 26, 2013
History of Fluid Resuscitation

1832
Robert Lewins
who modified a physiologic salt solution;

Rehydration of children with gastroenteritis
Lee JA. Sydney Ringer (1834-1910) and
Alexis Hartmann (1898-1964). Anaesthesia
1981;36:1115-21.
1885
Sidney Ringer
Development of
blood fractionation
in 1941
human albumin was used for the

first time in large quantities
September 26, 2013
The
Physiology
of Fluid
Resuscitation
The Ideal Resuscitation Fluid

1. Produces a predictable and sustained increase in
intravascular volume
2. Has a chemical composition as close as possible to that of
extracellular fluid
3. Metabolized and completely excreted without accumulation
in tissues
4. Does not produce adverse metabolic or systemic effects
5. Cost effective in terms of improving patient outcomes
Currently, there is no such fluid available for clinical use
September 26, 2013
The Ideal Resuscitation Fluid
Type of Resuscitation Fluid

ALBUMIN
Human albumin (4 to 5%) in saline is considered to be the
reference colloidal solution. It is produced by the
fractination of blood and is heat-treated to prevent
transmission of pathogenic viruses
It is an expensive solution to produce and distribute, and its
availability is limited in low and middle-income countries
September 26, 2013
ALBUMIN
In 1998, the Cochrane Injuries Group Albumin Reviewers
published a meta-analysis comparing the effects of albumin
with those of a range of crystalloid solutions in patients with
hypovolemia, burns, or hypoalbuminemia and concluded that
the administration of albumin was associated with a
significant increase in the rate of death (P<0.01)
Cochrane Injuries Group Albumin Reviewers. Human albumin administration in

critically ill patients: systematic review of randomised controlled trials. BMJ
1998;317:235-40
ALBUMIN
In 2004, investigators in Australia and New Zealand conducted
the Saline versus Albumin Fluid Evaluation (SAFE) study, a
blinded, randomized, controlled trial, to examine the safety of
albumin in 6997 adults in the ICU. The study assessed the effect
of resuscitation with 4% albumin, as compared with saline, on
the rate of death at 28 days. The study showed no significant
difference between albumin and saline with respect to the
rate of death (P = 0.87) or the development of new organ
failure.
The SAFE Study Investigators. A comparison of albumin and saline for fluid
resuscitation in the intensive care unit. N Engl J Med 2004;350:2247-56
ALBUMIN
Additional analyses from the SAFE study provided new insights
into fluid resuscitation among patients in the ICU. Resuscitation
with albumin was associated with a significant increase in the
rate of death at 2 years among patients with traumatic brain
injury (relative risk, 1.63; 95% CI, 1.17 to 2.26; P = 0.003). This
outcome has been attributed to increased intracranial pressure,
particularly during the first week after injury.
Cooper DJ, Myburgh J, Finfer S, et al. Albumin resuscitation for traumatic brain injury:
is intracranial hypertension the cause of increased mortality?
J
Neurotrauma 2013 March 21
ALBUMIN
Resuscitation with albumin was associated with a decrease in the
adjusted risk of death at 28 days in patients with severe sepsis (P
= 0.03), suggesting a potential, but unsubstantiated, benefit in
patients with severe sepsis.
Finfer S, McEvoy S, Bellomo R, McArthur C, Myburgh J, Norton R. Impact of
albumin compared to saline on organ function and mortality of patients with
severe sepsis. Intensive Care Med 2011; 37:86-96 .
No significant between-group difference in the rate of death at 28

days was observed among patients with hypoalbuminemia
(albumin level =25 g per liter)
Finfer S, Bellomo R, McEvoy S, et al. Effect of baseline serum albumin concentration on outcome of resuscitation
with albumin or saline in patients in intensive care units: analysis of data from the Saline versus Albumin Fluid
Evaluation (SAFE) study. BMJ 2006;333:1044
ALBUMIN
In the SAFE study, no significant difference in hemodynamic
resuscitation end points, such as mean arterial pressure or heart
rate, was observed between the albumin and saline groups,
although the use of albumin was associated with a significant
but clinically small increase in central venous pressure.
September 26, 2013
ALBUMIN
In 2011, investigators in sub-Saharan Africa comparing the use of
boluses of albumin or saline with no boluses of resuscitation fluid in
3141 febrile children with impaired perfusion. In this study, bolus
resuscitation with albumin or saline resulted in similar rates of
death at 48 hours, but there was a significant increase in the rate of
death at 48 hours associated with both therapies, as compared with no
bolus therapy (P = 0.003).
The principal cause of death in these patients was cardiovascular
collapse rather than fluid overload or neurologic causes.
September 26, 2013
S E M I SYNTH ETI C
COLLOIDS
HES solutions are the most commonly used,
particularly in Europe. Others are succinylated
gelatin,
urealinked
gelatin-polygeline
preparations, and dextran solutions
HES are produced by hydroxyethyl substitution
of amylopectin obtained from maize or
potatoes
September 26, 2013
S E M I SYNTH ETI C
COLLOIDS
Study reports have questioned the safety of concentrated (10%) HES
solutions with a molecular weight of more than 200 kD and a molar
substitution ratio of more than 0.5 in patients with severe sepsis, citing
increased rates of death, acute kidney injury, and use of renal replacement
therapy
Currently used HES solutions have reduced concentrations (6%) with a
molecular weight of 130 kD and molar substitution ratios of 0.38 to 0.45.
Because of that potential that such solutions may accumulate in tissues, the
recommended maximal daily dose of HES is 33 to 50 ml per kilogram of
body weight per day
September 26, 2013
S E M I SYNTH ETI C
COLLOIDS
In a blinded, randomized, controlled trial involving 800 patients
with severe sepsis in the ICU, 30 Scandinavian investigators
reported that the use of 6% HES (130/0.42), as compared with
Ringers acetate, was associated with a significant increase in
the rate of death at 90 days (P = 0.03) and a significant 35%
relative increase in the rate of renal-replacement therapy.
These results are consistent with previous trials of 10% HES
(200/0.5) in similar patient population
September 26, 2013
S E M I SYNTH ETI C
COLLOIDS
In a blinded, randomized, controlled study, called the Crystalloid
versus Hydroxyethyl Starch Trial (CHEST), involving 7000
adults in the ICU, the use of 6% HES (130/0.4), as compared
with saline, was not associated with a significant difference in
the rate of death at 90 days (relative risk, 1.06; 95% CI, 0.96 to
1.18; P = 0.26). However, the use of HES was associated with a
significant 21% relative increase in the rate of renal
replacement therapy.
September 26, 2013
S E M I SYNTH ETI C
COLLOIDS
In CHEST, HES was associated with increases in urine output
in patients at low risk for acute kidney injury but with parallel
increases in serum creatinine levels in patients at increased risk
for acute kidney injury. In addition, the use of HES was
associated with an increased use of blood products and an
increased rate of adverse events, particularly pruritus
September 26, 2013
C R YS TALLO I D S
Sodium chloride (saline) is the most
commonly used on global basis. Normal
(0.9%) saline contains sodium and
chloride in equal concentrations, which
makes it isotonic as compared with ECF
September 26, 2013
C R YS TALLO I D S
Balanced salt solutions are increasingly recommended as firstline resuscitation fluids in patients undergoing surgery,
patients with trauma, and patients with diabetic ketoacidosis.
Resuscitation with balanced salt solutions is a key element in the
initial treatment of patients with burns, although there is
increasing concern about the adverse effects of fluid overload.
September 26, 2013
C R YS TALLO I D S
A matched-cohort observational study compared the rate of major
complications in 213 patients who received only 0.9% saline and
714 patients who received only a calcium-free balanced salt
solution (PlasmaLyte) for replacement of fluid losses on the day
of surgery. The use of balanced salt solution was associated
with a significant decrease in the rate of major complications
(P<0.05), including a lower incidence of postoperative infection,
renal-replacement therapy, blood transfusion, and acidosisassociated investigations
September 26, 2013
Dose and Volumes

The requirements for and response to fluid resuscitation vary
greatly during the course of any critical illness.
The selection, timing, and doses of IV fluids should be evaluated
as carefully as they are in the case of any other IV drug, with the
aim of maximizing efficacy and minimizing iatrogenic toxicity
September 26, 2013
Dose and Volumes
Although the use of resuscitations fluids is one

of the most common interventions in medicine,
no currently available resuscitation fluid can
be considered to be ideal
September 26, 2013

Review Article Resuscitation Fluids

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Review Article

Elda Oncossya Panggabean

Fluid resuscitation with colloid and crystalloid

History of Fluid Resuscitation

History of Fluid Resuscitation

who modified a physiologic salt solution;

human albumin was used for the

The Ideal Resuscitation Fluid

The Ideal Resuscitation Fluid

Type of Resuscitation Fluid

Cochrane Injuries Group Albumin Reviewers. Human albumin administration in

No significant between-group difference in the rate of death at 28

Dose and Volumes

Dose and Volumes

Although the use of resuscitations fluids is one

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