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Wavelength
1/4 Wavelength
1/2 Wavelength
1/4 Wavelength
1/2 Wavelength
Dipole
1900MHz
78.95mm
800MHz
187.5mm
Dipoles
One dipole
multiple dipoles
Received Power=1mW
Received Power =4 mW
Dipoles
Antenna
(down look)
Omnidirectional array
Sector antenna
10log(8mW/1mW) = 9dBd
VSWR
forward: 10W
50 ohms
reverse: 0.5W
80
ohms
0.5
10
1 1 0.2236
VSWR
1.576
1 1 0.2236
Biasanya: VSWR1.5
Koefisien Pantulan ( )=(VSWR-1)/
(VSWR+1)
Return Loss (RL)=-20lg
9.5 W
Beamwidth
10dB Beamwidth
3dB Beamwidth
Peak - 10dB
Peak - 3dB
60 (eg)
Peak
Peak - 3dB
120 (eg)
Peak
Peak - 10dB
Types of Antennas
Isotropic antenna (idealized)
Radiates power equally in all directions
Dipole antennas
Half-wave dipole antenna (or Hertz antenna)
Quarter-wave vertical antenna (or Marconi
antenna)
Antenna Installation
Considerations-contd
Adaptive array antenna placement
needs to be considered differently than
current technologies serving the mobile
environment. They need to be place so
they have a greater angular approach
to the receiving units. Existing tower
placement with close proximity to roads
and highways would need to be
reconsidered.
Antenna sitting
Radio horizon
Effects of obstacles & structures nearby
Safety
operating procedures
Grounding
lightning strikes
static charges
Surge protection
lightning searches for a second path to ground
Length Calculations
The radiation pattern depends mainly on the length of the
antenna. The length of an antenna can be calculated using the
following equation, the velocity factor of wire is 95% compare
to air.
c
L k
f
Length Calculations
Example
It is required that an antenna of the half-dipole type
be built to receive broadcast at 100 MHz, calculate
the optimum length of the antenna.
he
2 Rr Ae
Z0
4
G 2 Ae
jXA
RG
VG
Generator
jXG
Rr
Rl
Transm. line
Radio wave