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spring
Youngs modulus
(stiffness)
reminder:
solids resist strain:
fluids resist rate of change of length:
F = k1 x
F = k2 d(x)/dt
dashpot
viscosity
step
responses
fluid
solid
time
viscoelastic
in series
= Maxwell Model
in parallel
= Voigt Model
Maxwell Model
spring
expands
isotonic
response
(constant
stress)
Voigt Model
spring
contracts
dashpot
expands
dashpot
relaxes
dashpot acts
as strut
dashpot
acts as strut
dashpot
acts as strut
isometric
response
(constant
strain)
= stress
relaxation
curve
dashpot
relaxes
acts as
spring
dashpot
relaxes
zero
stress
acts as
spring
= damper
or low pass filter
input:
(t) = 0sin t
stuff
length
output:
(t) = 0sin t +
input:
(t) = 0sin t
output:
(t) = 0sin t
input:
(t) = 0sin t
stress is maximum
when d/dt is maximum
output:
(t) = 0sin t 90o
material is acting like Newtonian fluid, described by single term:
= 0/(0)
using
(t) = 0sin t
d(t)/dt = 0cos t
= dynamic viscosity
stress is maximum
at intermediate point
input:
(t) = 0sin (t)
output:
(t) = 0sin (t
0o < < 90o
Material is acting as a viscoelastic substance.
output waveform (t), can be described as the sum of two different waveforms:
in phase component = 0 sin (t)
out-of-phase component = 0 sin (t 90o)
= 0 cos (t)
out-of-phase
component:
in phase
component:
Case 3, continued
E=complex modulus =
E = E* cos
E = E* sin
viscous,loss
out-of-phase axis
elastic
component
E
E*
viscous
component
elastic,storage
in-phase axis
Creep
Harmonic Analysis is valid only for small stresses and strains.
What about large deformations and long time periods?
creep
yield
time
log time
necking
creep
creep
continuous
stress
material makes slow solid to fluid transition
Phylum Cnidaria
nematocyst
Metridium
Prey (Stomphia)
Predator (Dermasterias)
Collagen
glycine
fiber
within fiber
construction: