PASSIVE VOICE

We use the Passive when the action itself is

more important than the person who does it

as in headlines, advertisements, instructions,
etc.
Changing from the active to the Passive:
The object of the sentence becomes the new subject.
The verb to be is put in the same tense of the active
sentence.
The main verb takes the past participle form.
The original subject becomes the agent introduced
with the preposition BY.

PASSIVE VOICE
PRESENT SIMPLE
The chef prepares a salad
A salad is prepared (by the chef)
PAST SIMPLE
The chef prepared a salad
A salad was prepared (by the chef)
FUTURE SIMPLE
The chef will prepare a salad
A salad will be prepared (by the chef)

PASSIVE VOICE
PRESENT CONTINUOUS

The chef is preparing a salad

A salad is being prepared (by the chef)
PAST CONTINUOUS

The chef was preparing a salad

A salad was being prepared (by the chef)
FUTURE CONTINUOUS

The chef will be preparing a salad

A salad will be being prepared (by the chef)

PASSIVE VOICE
PRESENT PERFECT
The chef has prepared a salad
A salad has been prepared (by the chef)
PAST PERFECT
The chef had prepared a salad
A salad had been prepared (by the chef)
FUTURE PERFECT
The chef will have prepared a salad
A salad will have been prepared (by the chef)

PASSIVE VOICE
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS
The chef has been preparing a salad
A salad has been being prepared (by the chef)
PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS
The chef had been preparing a salad
A salad had been being prepared (by the chef)
FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS
The chef will have been preparing a salad
A salad will have been being prepared (by the
chef)

CAUSATIVE FORM
We use HAVE + OBJECT + PAST

PARTICIPLE to say that we have arranged for

someone to do something for us.
The word order is very important. If we say

Tony had his car repaired or Tony had

repaired his car we are expressing different
ideas.
In the first case Tony arranged for someone
else to do the repairs whereas in the second
case he carried out the repairs himself.

CAUSATIVE FORM
PRESENT SIMPLE
She washes the windows
She has the windows washed
PAST SIMPLE
She washed the windows
She had the windows washed
FUTURE SIMPLE
She will wash the windows
She will have the windows washed

CAUSATIVE FORM
PRESENT CONTINUOUS

She is washing the windows

She is having the windows washed
PAST CONTINUOUS

She was washing the windows

She was having the windows washed
FUTURE CONTINUOUS

She will be washing the windows

She will be having the windows washed

CAUSATIVE FORM
PRESENT PERFECT

She has washed the windows

She has had the windows washed
PAST PERFECT

She had washed the windows

She had had the windows washed
FUTURE PERFECT
She will have washed the windows
She will have had the windows washed

CAUSATIVE FORM
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS
She has been washing the windows
She has been having the windows washed
PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS
She had been washing the windows
She had been having the windows washed
FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS
She will have been washing the windows
She will have been having the windows washed