THE ELECTRIC SUB STATION

03/20/15

THE TRANSFORMER BAY

 INTRODUCTION
THE ELECTRIC SUB STATION
03/20/15
M L SHESHADRI

The present electrical power system is a

complex interconnection of Generating
stations-Transmission systemsReceiving stations- Distribution systems
and Load points.
In all the above phases of power flow, the
transfer of electrical energy takes place in
the electric sub stations.
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 INTRODUCTION
THE ELECTRIC SUB STATION
03/20/15

M L SHESHADRI

Basically an electrical sub station consists

of a number of incoming circuits and out
going circuits connected to common bus
bar systems.
Bus bars are conducting bars to which a
number of incoming or out going circuits
are connected.
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 INTRODUCTION
THE ELECTRIC SUB STATION
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Each circuit connected to the bus bar will have

certain electrical component such as circuit
breakers, isolators, earth switches, current
transformers and voltage transformers.

M L SHESHADRI

These components are connected in a definite

sequence such that a circuit can be switched off
during normal operation by manual command
and also automatically during abnormal
conditions such as short circuits.
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 INTRODUCTION

THE ELECTRIC SUB STATION

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M L SHESHADRI

A sub station receives electrical power from

generating station through incoming
transmission lines and delivers electrical
power through the out going transmission
lines.
Sub station is an integral part of a power
system and is an important link between
the generating stations, transmission
systems, distribution systems and load
points.
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THE ELECTRIC SUB STATION

DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
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M L SHESHADRI

The sub station is designed with an

objective to provide maximum
reliability, flexibility, continuity of
service and to meet these objectives
with the lowest investment costs that
satisfy system requirement.
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 DESIGN
THECONSIDERATIONS
ELECTRIC SUB STATION
03/20/15
M L SHESHADRI

System requirements include the selection of

optimum voltage levels depending on the load
requirements and the transmission distances
involved. Generally, the generating source will be
far away from the load centers. The advantage of
capitalizing on low site costs, availability of ample
cooling water supply, economical fuel supply and
less stringent environmental considerations
compel construction of generating source far away
from load centers, there by, increasing
transmission distances.
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 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

THE ELECTRIC SUB STATION

03/20/15

The system requirement must be met with minimum

costs as the cost of equipment, labor, land and site
treatment is increasing every day.

M L SHESHADRI

Hence, to transmit power over long distances the

transmission voltage is to be increased and in our
country 400 kV is becoming common and higher
voltages for transmission is being explored. Many
factors such as voltage level, load capacity, site space
limitations, transmission line right of way requirement
and environmental considerations influence the design
of sub stations.

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THE ELECTRIC SUB STATION

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BUS LAYOUT AND SWITCHING ARRANGEMENT

M L SHESHADRI

Since the major sub station costs are reflected in the power
transformers, circuit breakers and disconnecting switches, the bus
layout and switching arrangement selected will determine the
number of switches and power circuit breakers required.
A number of factors must be considered in the selection of bus
layouts and switching arrangements for a sub station to meet
system and station requirements.
A sub station must be reliable, economical, safe, and as
simple in design as possible.

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 SUB STATION LAYOUT AND BUS BAR SCHEMES

THE ELECTRIC SUB STATION

03/20/15
M L SHESHADRI

The term layout denotes the physical

arrangement of various components in
the sub station relative to one another.
The layout is significant as it influences
the operation, maintenance, cost and
protection of the sub station. These
aspects are considered while designing
the sub station layout.

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 SUB STATION LAYOUT AND BUS BAR SCHEMES

THE ELECTRIC SUB STATION

The design of sub station layout need careful

consideration of several aspects such as:

M L SHESHADRI

The physical arrangement of the equipment is

called the layout of the sub station. The layout is
illustrated by means of single line diagrams.

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With the given number of incoming lines, out going

lines, transformers, etc., the sub station can be
designed in several alternative ways.

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 SUB STATION LAYOUT AND BUS BAR SCHEMES

M L SHESHADRI

03/20/15

THE ELECTRIC SUB STATION

Switching requirement for normal operation.
Switching requirement during abnormal
conditions like short circuits and overloads.
Degree of flexibility in operations, simplicity.
Freedom from total shutdowns.
Maintenance requirements, space for
approaching various equipment for
maintenance.
Road/ rail for transporting main and auxiliary
equipment.

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 SUB STATION LAYOUT AND BUS BAR SCHEMES

THE ELECTRIC SUB STATION

03/20/15
M L SHESHADRI

Safety of personnel.
Protective zones for main and back up
protection.
Provision for bye pass facilities and for
extensions, space requirements.
Technical requirements such as ratings,
clearances, earth system, lightning protection.
Requirement for SCADA and communication.
Compatibility for local and ambient condition.

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 SUB STATION LAYOUT AND BUS BAR SCHEMES

THE ELECTRIC SUB STATION

03/20/15

M L SHESHADRI

The choice of bus bar schemes for ac yards

depend upon several factors mentioned above.
The important bus bar schemes are:
Single bus bar
Double bus bar with one breaker per circuit
Double bus bar with two breaker per circuit
Main and transfer bus
Ring bus or Mesh scheme
Breaker and a half(1 1/2 breaker) arrangement 14

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 SUB STATION LAYOUT AND BUS BAR SCHEMES

THE ELECTRIC SUB STATION

M L SHESHADRI

The basis of comparison is generally the degree

of reliability & economic justification.

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The various schemes are generally compared to

emphasize their advantage and limitations.

The degree of reliability is evaluated by

determining continuity of service under anticipated
operating conditions and possible faults.
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 VARIOUS
BUS BARSUB
SCHEMES
THE ELECTRIC
STATION

ISOLATO
R

M L SHESHADRI

BUS

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SINGLE BUS BAR SCHEME

BREAKE
R
CURRENT TRANSFORMER

POWER TRANSFORMER

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THE ELECTRIC SUB STATION

Lowest cost

Disadvantage:

M L SHESHADRI

Advantage

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SINGLE BUS BAR SCHEME

Maintenance without interruption of supply is not possible.

Sub station can not be extended without completely de-energizing
the sub station
Can be used only where loads can be interrupted or have other
supply arrangements. Least flexibility.

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 VARIOUS BUS BAR SCHEMES

THE ELECTRIC SUB STATION

BUS SECTION-2
SECTIONALISER

ISOLATO
R
BREAKE
R
CURRENT

M L SHESHADRI

BUS SECTION-1

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SINGLE BUS BAR SCHEME WITH BUS

SECTIONALISER

TRANSFORMER

POWER TRANSFORMER
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THE ELECTRIC SUB STATION

03/20/15

SINGLE BUS BAR SCHEME WITH BUS SECTIONALISER

M L SHESHADRI

Sectionalizing the single bus improves slightly the reliability if the

incoming and out going circuits are distributed evenly on both the
sections.
Where double feed is provided for any single load it is preferable
to have one circuit from each section.
In this arrangement each section behaves as a separate bus bar
and any outage can be confined to one section of the bus bar.

Only the faulty section will be tripped by bus differential protection.

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 DOUBLE BUS BAR WITH ONE BREAKER PER CIRCUIT

THE ELECTRIC SUB STATION

M L SHESHADRI

BUS-2

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BUS-1

BUS COUPLER
BREAKER
BREAKER
POWER TRANSFORMER
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THE ELECTRIC SUB STATION

DOUBLE BUS BAR WITH ONE BREAKER PER CIRCUIT

This arrangement has the following advantages:
Each load may be fed from either bus.
Operational flexibility may be increased by grouping the
incoming and out going feeders in separate groups.
Either bus bar can be taken out for maintenance.
Bus coupler helps in on load change over from one bus to
the other.
Adopted where load and continuity justify additional cost.
A major disadvantage is that the breaker can not be taken
out for maintenance without interrupting supply to the
concerned circuit.

M L SHESHADRI

03/20/15

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 DOUBLE BUS BAR WITH ONE BREAKER PER

CIRCUITTHE ELECTRIC SUB STATION
03/20/15
M L SHESHADRI

Bus protection scheme may cause loss of sub

station when it operates if all circuits are
connected to that bus.
High exposure to bus faults.
Line breaker failure takes all circuits connected
to that bus out of service.
Bus tie breaker failure takes the entire sub
station out of service.

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DOUBLE MAIN BUS & CB BYPASS ISOLATOR SYSTEM

T/F-1

BAY1

BAY2

T/F-2

BAY6

BAY4
BUS COUPLER

BUS-1

BAY7

BUS-2

BAY3

FEEDER1

FEEDER2

BAY5

FOR ANY CB PROBLEM OR FOR

PREVENTIVE
MAINTANENCE, SUCH
FEEDER CAN BE SHIFTED TO ANOTHER
BUS AND THE BYPASS ISOLATOR IS
CLOSED,
THEN
PROTECTION
IS
TRANSFERRED TO BUS COUPLER AND
THE FAULTY CB CAN BE ISOLATED.

FEEDER3

FEEDER4
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 MAIN AND TRANSFER BUS

THE ELECTRIC SUB STATION

MAIN BUS
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BREAKER

M L SHESHADRI

TIE
BREAKER

TRANSFER BUS

LINE

LINE
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 MAIN AND TRANSFER BUS

03/20/15

THE ELECTRIC SUB STATION

This is an alternative to double bus single
breaker arrangement which provided for change
over to either bus for carrying out maintenance
on other bus. But it provided no facility for
breaker maintenance without interrupting power
supply to the concerned circuit.
The main and transfer bus works the other way
round.
This arrangement provides facility for carrying
out breaker maintenance but does not permit
bus maintenance.
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M L SHESHADRI

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THE ELECTRIC SUB STATION

Wherever maintenance is required on any breaker, the circuit is changed over to the
transfer bus and controlled through the bus coupler breaker.
Potential devices may be used on the main bus for relaying.

M L SHESHADRI

Any breaker can be taken out of service for maintenance.

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MAIN AND TRANSFER BUS

The cost is increased due to use of an extra isolator for each circuit and providing
interlock for bus coupler and circuit isolators.
Relaying sensitivity decreases as the same bus coupler is used to energize the
concerned circuit for all the circuit breakers whenever they are taken out for maintenance.
Failure of bus or any circuit breaker results in shut down of entire sub station.
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DOUBLE MAIN BUS & TRANSFER BUS SYSTEM

T/F-1

T/F-2

BUS-2

BAY3
BAY1

BAY2

FEEDER1 FEEDER2

BAY4

TRANSFER BUS

BAY5

TRANSFER BUS
COUPLER

BUS COUPLER

BUS-1

BAY6

BAY7

BAY8

FEEDER3 FEEDER4

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BUS BAR ARRANGEMENTS

Double Bus Bar Arrangement with Transfer
Bus.
This arrangement provides more additional
flexibility, continuity of Power Supply,
permits periodic maintenance without total
shut down as the two main buses can be
operated independently with the same
redundancy.
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 DOUBLE BUS BAR WITH TWO BREAKER

PER CIRCUIT
THE ELECTRIC SUB STATION
03/20/15

BREAKER

M L SHESHADRI

BUS-1

BUS-2
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LINE

LINE

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 DOUBLE BUS BAR WITH TWO BREAKER PER

THE ELECTRIC SUB STATION
CIRCUIT
03/20/15
M L SHESHADRI

Each circuit has two dedicated breakers.

Has flexibility in permitting feeder circuits to be
connected to either bus.
Any breaker can be taken out of service for
maintenance.
High reliability.
Most expensive. Used only in large generating
stations where security of connection is paramount.

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THE ELECTRIC SUB STATION

RING BUS OR MESH SCHEME

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BREAKER
LINE

M L SHESHADRI

ISOLATOR

POWER TRANSFORMER
LINE

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 RING BUS OR MESH SCHEME

03/20/15

In this scheme
THE the
ELECTRIC
STATION
breakers areSUB
arranged
in a ring with
circuits connected between breakers.

M L SHESHADRI

There are the same number of circuits as there are breakers.

During normal operation, all breakers are closed. For a circuit

fault, two breakers are tripped, and in the event one of the
breaker fails to operate to clear the fault, an additional circuit
will be tripped by operation of breaker- failure back up relays.
During breaker maintenance, the ring is broken, but all lines
remain in service.
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THE ELECTRIC SUB STATION

For an extended circuit outage, the line isolator may be opened and the ring
can be closed.
No changes to protective relays are required for any of the various operating
conditions or during maintenance.

M L SHESHADRI

The circuits connected to the ring are arranged so that sources are alternated
with loads.

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RING BUS OR MESH SCHEME

The ring bus scheme is economical in cost, has good reliability, is safe for
operation, is flexible, and is normally considered suitable for important sub
stations up to a limit of five circuits.
It is common practice to build major sub stations initially as a ring bus; for more
than five outgoing circuits, the ring bus is usually developed to the breakerand-a-half scheme.
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THE ELECTRIC SUB STATION

One and a Half Breaker Arrangement.
This arrangement provides three circuit
breakers for every two circuits. It gives
high security against loss of supply but
higher cost is involved. Hence this is
provided for important 400/220 KV Sub
Stations.
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THE ELECTRIC SUB STATION

BREAKER -AND -A -HALF SCHEME

ISOLATOR

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BUS-1

M L SHESHADRI

BREAKER
LINE

TIE BREAKER

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BUS-2

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I-CONFIGUARATION
DIA4

FEEDER11

DIA5

DIA6

BAY2

BAY5

BAY8

BAY11

BAY14

BAY17

BAY3

BAY6

BAY9

BAY12

BAY15

BAY18

BAY13

DIA3

FEEDER9

BAY16

FEEDER7

BAY10

DIA2

BAY1

BUS-1 DIA1

FEEDER5

BAY7

FEEDER3

BAY4

FEEDER1

BUS-2
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FEEDER2

FEEDER4

FEEDER6

FEEDER8

FEEDER10

FEEDER12

D-CONFIGUARATION
FEEDER5

FEEDER10
BAY14

BAY13

BAY7

DIA1

FEEDER9

BAY8

BAY3

BAY1

BAY2

FEEDER6

DIA3

BAY15

FEEDER2

BAY9

FEEDER1

DIA5

BUS-1

BAY5

FEEDER3

BAY11

FEEDER4

FEEDER7

DIA6

BAY18

BAY16

DIA4

BAY12

BAY10

DIA2

BAY6

BAY4

BUS-2

BAY17

FEEDER8

FEEDER11

FEEDER12
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 BREAKER -AND -A -HALF SCHEME

THE ELECTRIC SUB STATION

This pattern is repeated along the main buses so

that one and a half breakers are used for each
circuit.

M L SHESHADRI

Two circuits are connected between the three

breakers, hence the term breaker and a half.

03/20/15

The breaker and a half scheme, some times called

the three switch scheme, has three breakers in
series between the main buses.

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THE ELECTRIC SUB STATION

03/20/15

BREAKER -AND -A -HALF SCHEME

M L SHESHADRI

Under normal operating conditions all breakers are closed and

both buses are energized.
A circuit is tripped by opening the two associated circuit
breakers.
Tie breaker failure will trip one additional circuit, but no additional
circuit is lost if a line trip involves failure of a bus breaker.
Either bus may be taken out of service at any time with no loss of
service.
With sources connected opposite loads, it is possible to operate
with both buses out of service.
Breaker maintenance can be done with no loss of service, no
relay changes, and simple operation of the breaker isolators.
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 BREAKER -AND -A -HALF SCHEME

THE ELECTRIC SUB STATION

03/20/15
M L SHESHADRI

The breaker-and-a-half arrangement is more

expensive than other schemes, except the doublebreaker-double-bus scheme.

However, the breaker-and-a-half scheme is superior

in flexibility, reliability, and safety.

Protective relaying and automatic re-closing

schemes are more complex than for other schemes
and hence costly.
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THANK YOU
03/20/15

ANY QUESTIONS ?

M L SHESHADRI

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