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SPNGN2 v1.013-1
Objectives
Show the Cisco IP NGN edge and core network layers within the IP NGN
architecture
Describe the basic concepts of MPLS
Describe MPLS labels and how the label is inserted between the Layer 2 and
Layer 3 header
Describe MPLS label switch routers and edge LSRs
Describe the MPLS forwarding structures, the FIB and LFIB
Show an example of how a packet traverses an MPLS-enabled network
Describe the Label Distribution Protocol (LDP)
Describe the LDP adjacency establishment process
Describe LDP label allocation
Describe LDP label advertisement
Describe the LDP steady-state condition
Describe basic MPLS LDP configuration and verification
Describe MPLS LDP troubleshooting steps
2012 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
SPNGN2 v1.013-2
Aggregation
IP Edge
Core
Residential
Mobile Users
Business
IP Infrastructure Layer
Access
Aggregation
IP Edge
Core
SPNGN2 v1.013-3
MPLS Introduction
MPLS is a technology that enhances IP routing and Cisco Express
Forwarding switching in service provider core networks.
A switching mechanism exists where packets are switched, based on
labels:
- Labels usually correspond to destination IP networks
An additional header, called the MPLS label, is inserted and used for
MPLS switching.
IP
MPLS/IP
IP
A
L
IP
IP
D
IP
IP
SPNGN2 v1.013-4
MPLS Applications
MPLS for service providers
In the pastfaster forwarding
Todaya platform for traffic engineering and VPN service
Works on a core and edge layer
MPLS VPNs
Allows separation of customers into VPNs
Similar to virtual circuits (for example, from the Frame Relay world)
Allows Layer 2 or Layer 3 VPNs
SPNGN2 v1.013-5
MPLS Labels
MPLS uses a 32-bit label header that is inserted between Layer 2 and
Layer 3 and comprises the following fields:
- 20-bit label
- 3-bit experimental field
- 1-bit, bottom-of-stack indicator
- 8-bit, Time-to-Live field
19 20
Label
L2 Header
EXP
MPLS Label
22 23 24
31
TTL
IP Packet
SPNGN2 v1.013-6
Edge LSR:
- Labels IP packets (or imposes label) and forwards them into the MPLS domain
- Forwards IP packets out of the MPLS domain
IP
20.0.0.1
MPLS and IP
A
20.0.0.1
10.0.0.1
25
Edge LSR
C
35
32
34
LSR
LSR
10.0.0.1
Edge LSR
20.0.0.1
10.0.0.1
SPNGN2 v1.013-7
IP
MPLS and IP
A
20.0.0.1
20.0.0.1
10.0.0.1
25
Edge LSR
FIB
C
35
D
32
34
20.0.0.1
10.0.0.1
Edge LSR
LSR
LSR
LFIB
LFIB
FIB
10.0.0.1
10.0.0.0/24 B 25
25 34 C
34 POP D
20.0.0.0/24 C 32
20.0.0.0/24 Conn
35 POP A
32 35 B
10.0.0.0/24 Conn
SPNGN2 v1.013-8
MPLS Example
IP
1. A router receives
an IP packet. A FIB
lookup is performed.
2. A label is added,
and the packet is sent
through an interface.
MPLS and IP
B
A
10.0.0.1
25
Edge LSR
FIB
LSR
LSR
Edge LSR
LFIB
LFIB
FIB
10.0.0.0/24 B 25
25 34 C
34 POP D
20.0.0.0/24 C 32
20.0.0.0/24 Conn
35 POP A
32 35 B
10.0.0.0/24 Conn
SPNGN2 v1.013-9
IP
4. A label is swapped,
and the packet is sent
through an interface.
MPLS and IP
10.0.0.1
25
Edge LSR
FIB
34
LSR
LSR
Edge LSR
LFIB
LFIB
FIB
10.0.0.0/24 B 25
25 34 C
34 POP D
20.0.0.0/24 C 32
20.0.0.0/24 Conn
35 POP A
32 35 B
10.0.0.0/24 Conn
SPNGN2 v1.013-10
IP
6. A label is removed,
and an IP packet is
sent out of an interface.
MPLS/IP
10.0.0.1
25
Edge LSR
FIB
34
D
10.0.0.1
LSR
LSR
Edge LSR
LFIB
LFIB
FIB
10.0.0.0/24 B 25
25 34 C
34 POP D
20.0.0.0/24 C 32
20.0.0.0/24 Conn
35 POP A
32 35 B
10.0.0.0/24 Conn
SPNGN2 v1.013-11
IP
8. The IP packet
is sent out of an
interface
LFIB
MPLS/IP
35 No label
10.0.0.1
25
Edge LSR
FIB
34
D
10.0.0.1
10.0.0.1
LSR
LSR
Edge LSR
LFIB
LFIB
FIB
10.0.0.0/24 B 25
25 34 C
34 POP D
20.0.0.0/24 C 32
20.0.0.0/24 Conn
35 POP A
32 35 B
10.0.0.0/24 Conn
SPNGN2 v1.013-12
SPNGN2 v1.013-13
LDP Session
Adjacent routers establish a LDP session:
- MPLS-enabled routers first discover neighbors using hello packets that are
sent to 224.0.0.2 (FF02:::2) using UDP on port 646.
- A MPLS-enabled neighbor will respond to hello packets by establishing a TCP
session on port 656 to a peer router ID.
MPLS and IP
UDP: Hello
TCP: Labels
SPNGN2 v1.013-14
Label Allocation
Each router generates a label for each network in a routing table:
- Labels have local significance.
- Label allocation is asynchronous.
For path discovery and loop avoidance, LDP relies on routing protocols.
Networks originating on the outside of the MPLS domain are not
assigned any label on the edge LSR. Instead, the pop label is
advertised.
IP
Label for X is 21
Label for X is 25
Label for X is 34
MPLS and IP
A
D
Network X
Edge LSR
LSR
LSR
Edge LSR
SPNGN2 v1.013-15
Label Advertisement
A router that receives a label from a next hop also stores the label
in the FIB.
1. Router B allocates, stores,
and advertises the label.
FIB (B)
LFIB (B)
XC
IP
MPLS/IP
In
Out
Next hop
Network
LSR
Label
25
untag
Local
25
X B 25
LSR
LFIB (A)
Network X
LSR
LIB (A)
In
Out
Next hop
Network
LSR
Label
21
25
Local
21
25
X = 25
X = 25
Edge LSR
FIB (A)
LIB (B)
Edge LSR
2. Router A allocates,
stores, and advertises the
label. It also receives a label
from router B and stores it.
SPNGN2 v1.013-16
IP
MPLS/IP
A
Edge LSR
LFIB (B)
LIB (B)
In
Out
Next hop
Network
LSR
Label
25
34
Local
25
34
LSR
XD
X = 34
X = 34
LSR
FIB (C)
3. Router C allocates,
stores, and advertises the
label. It also receives and
stores a label from B.
Network X
Edge LSR
LFIB (C)
LIB (C)
In
Out
Next hop
Network
LSR
Label
34
untag
Local
34
25
SPNGN2 v1.013-17
IP
LFIB (D)
In
Out
LIB (D)
Next hop
Network
LSR
Label
Local
POP
MPLS/IP
A
Edge LSR
X = POP
LSR
LSR
FIB (C)
XD
D
Network X
Edge LSR
LFIB (C)
LIB (C)
In
Out
Next hop
Network
LSR
Label
34
POP
Local
34
25
POP
SPNGN2 v1.013-18
Steady-State
Occurs after all of the labels are exchanged and the LIB, LFIB, and FIB
structures are completely populated.
It takes longer for LDP to exchange labels than it takes a routing
protocol to converge.
There is no network downtime before LDP fully exchanges labels.
Meanwhile, packets can be routed using the FIB, if labels are not yet
available.
After the steady-state is reached, all packets are label-switched, except
on the ingress and outgress routers.
SPNGN2 v1.013-19
MPLS Configuration
Cisco IOS XR:
- MPLS forwarding is enabled by enabling LDP on an interface under the MPLS
LDP configuration mode.
SPNGN2 v1.013-20
Configuration Scenario
PE1 on GigabitEthernet0/0/0/0
PE2 on GigabitEthernet0/0
IP
MPLS and IP
GE0/0/0/0
GE0/0/0/0
P2
P1
PE1
GE0/0/0/1
GE0/0/0
PE2
GE0/0/1
GE0/0
192.168.101.0/24
SPNGN2 v1.013-21
Configuration
IP
MPLS and IP
P2
P1
PE1
GE0/0/0/0
GE0/0/0/0
GE0/0/0/1
GE0/0/0
mpls ldp
interface GigabitEthernet0/0/0/0
!
interface GigabitEthernet0/0/0/1
PE2
GE0/0/1
GE0/0
192.168.101.0/24
interface GigabitEthernet0/0
mpls ip
Enable MPLS under the
interface configuration mode
SPNGN2 v1.013-22
Verification
Verifies LDP neighbors
RP/0/RSP0/CPU0:P1# show mpls ldp neighbor
Peer LDP Identifier: 10.2.1.1:0
TCP connection: 10.2.1.1:23307 - 10.1.1.1:646
Graceful Restart: No
Session Holdtime: 180 sec
State: Oper; Msgs sent/rcvd: 27/26; Downstream-Unsolicited
Up time: 00:05:18
LDP Discovery Sources:
GigabitEthernet0/0/0/1
Addresses bound to this peer:
10.2.1.1
192.168.104.40
192.168.134.40
SPNGN2 v1.013-23
Verification (Cont.)
Displays content of the LFIB table
RP/0/RSP0/CPU0:P1# show mpls ldp forwarding
Prefix
Label
Label
Outgoing
In
Out
Interface
---------------- ------- ---------- -----------10.0.0.0/8
16005
Unlabelled None
10.1.10.0/24
16011
ImpNull
Gi0/0/0/0
10.2.1.1/32
16008
ImpNull
Gi0/0/0/1
10.2.10.1/32
16010
22
Gi0/0/0/1
10.10.10.100/32 16006
Unlabelled None
192.168.102.0/24 16003
ImpNull
Gi0/0/0/1
192.168.101.0/24 16000
20
Gi0/0/0/1
Next Hop
GR Stale
------------------10.10.10.1
192.168.101.31
192.168.112.40
192.168.112.40
10.10.10.1
192.168.112.40
192.168.112.40
-N
N
N
N
N
N
N
----N
N
N
N
N
N
N
SPNGN2 v1.013-24
MPLS Troubleshooting
show mpls ldp
discovery
Labels are
not
redistributed
Verify LDP
discovery
No
Check if MPLS is
enabled on
adjacent router
show mpls
ldp neighbor
Yes
Verify
established
LDP
session
Yes
Labels are
redistributed
No
Verify reachability
of loopback
interfaces between
adjacent routers
SPNGN2 v1.013-25
Summary
MPLS is used in the core and edge network of the Cisco IP NGN.
MPLS enhances IP routing by implementing a switching mechanism
where packets are switched, based on labels.
For switching, MPLS uses a 32-bit label header that is inserted between
Layer 2 and Layer 3.
In an MPLS domain, there are two types of routers; label switch routers
(LSRs) and edge LSRs.
The data plane on an MPLS-enabled router consists of two forwarding
structures; FIB and LFIB.
Ingress edge LSR takes IP packet, performs FIB lookup and adds a
label to the IP packet.
SPNGN2 v1.013-26
Summary (Cont.)
LDP is a protocol that is used between MPLS-enabled routers to
exchange labels.
Before labels can be exchanged using LDP, routers must first establish
adjacencies.
Each MPLS router generates a locally significant label for each network
in the routing table.
After a label has been assigned locally, each router has to advertise a
label to neighbors.
The steady-state occurs when the routing protocol and LDP have
populated all of the tables.
Basic MPLS configuration is done using a single command per
interface.
You can use several show commands to troubleshoot MPLS.
SPNGN2 v1.013-27
SPNGN2 v1.013-28