Non Performing Assets - Causes

Improper financing
Obsolete technology.
Uneconomic size
Delays in project implementation
Fraudulent management.
Diminishing market potential./ Life cycle theory
High project cost
Changes in direct / indirect tax structure.
Competition from unorganized sector.
Macro economic factors
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Early warning signals

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Stagnant /declining sales.

Continuing losses.
Erosion of working capital margins.
Irregularity in bank limits.
Uneconomic levels of operation
Chronic cash shortages.
Accumulation of non moving inventories.
Sticky debtors.
Pressing creditors.
Unsatisfactory financial ratios
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NPA Management
The rehabilitation package for sick units is administered by the
Board of Industrial Finance Reconstruction.
Section 15 / 22 of BIFR act states that if a company has a
100% / 50% erosion of networth and cash loss in 2 successive
years both occurring simultaneously. then it should be refered
to the BIFR for rehabilitation. further, the company should be
in existence for 3 years.
Under the purview of SICA , 1986

BIFR appoints operating agency to prepare revival

scheme under SICA guidelines.

Concessions restricted to not more than 2% of the normal

lending rate.
With a rehabilitation package for 7 years, company
should repay all liabilities in 10 years with a DSCR of
1.33
Appeal against BIFR order to AIFR
In forming a Rehab scheme sacrifice of public interests
should not exceed infusion of cash by new promoter.
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Short comings of BIFR

-No powers to instruct any authority, Banks, FI or
company.
Only if there is a consensus,on a scheme can BIFR
pass orders.
Revival measures
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Working with concessions as per SICA act.

Merging with profitable unit, and claiming Sec 72A
Change in management.
Introduction of new value added products.
Conversion of debt to equity.
Controlling costs.
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One time settlement of debt, funded interest etc.

Management of NPAs
SICA , 1986
Narsimham committee recommendations
Recovery of debt to banks & financial
institutions act 1993
Sarfaesi act 2002.
To help Banks / FIIs reduce NPAs

Sarfaesi act , 2002

Secured creditor can enforce the security directly, with
out intervention of court or tribunal after giving 60
days notice.If borrower does not pay outstanding
interest & principal within that time secured creditor
can take possession of the assets , management of
assets or appoint any other person to manage the
assets.
The power can be only be exercised if the asset is an
NPA as per RBI guideline which defines NPA if
interest & installment is overdue for a period
exceeding 6 months.
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 Presently these powers are only to public financial

institutions & banks.
Secured creditor can sell the assets & if dues are not fully
recovered he can file application with DRT for balance
amount.
Banks / Institutions can also hand over possession to
securitistion or reconstruction company.
Appeal can be filed by the borrower with the DRT only
after the assets or management is taken over and not at the
stage of receiving notice.Jurisdiction of civil courts is
barred however writ can always be filed in the high court
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 Protection of SICA will not be available once

secured creditor takes steps for realisation of assets.
Any refrence pending with the BIFR will abate.
Provisions of Asset reconstruction combine the
features of securitisation and enforcement of
security interest.
Act effective from June 21,2002.
Act is based on the recommendation of the
Narsihman committee reports
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