EE369

POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS

Lecture 2
Complex Power, Reactive Compensation,
Three Phase

Tom Overbye and Ross Baldick

1

Reading and Homework

Read Chapters 1 and 2 of the text.
HW 1 is Problems 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, 2.8,
2.11, 2.13, 2.16, 2.18, 2.23, 2.25 and Case
Study Questions A., B., C., D. from the text;
due Thursday 9/4.
HW 2 is Problems 2.26, 2.27, 2.28, 2.29,
2.30, 2.32, 2.33, 2.35, 2.37, 2.39, 2.40
(need to install PowerWorld); due Thursday
9/11.
2

Review of Phasors
Goal of phasor analysis is to simplify the analysis of constant
frequency ac systems:
v(t) = Vmax cos(t + v),
i(t) = Imax cos(t + I),
where:
v(t) and i(t) are the instantaneous voltage and current as a
function of time t,
is the angular frequency (2f, with f the frequency in Hertz),
Vmax and Imax are the magnitudes of voltage and current sinusoids,
v and I are angular offsets of the peaks of sinusoids from a
reference waveform.

Root Mean Square (RMS) voltage of sinusoid:

Vmax
1
2
V
v (t ) dt
, so Vmax 2 V .

T0
2

Phasor Representation
j

Euler's Identity: e

cos j sin ,

Phasor notation is developed by rewriting

using Euler's identity:
v (t ) 2 V cos(t V ),
v (t ) 2 V Re e j (t V ) .
(Note: V is the RMS voltage).
Given complex phasor (magnitude and angle),
we can determine sinusoidal waveform
(magnitude and phase) and vice versa.

Phasor Representation,
contd
The RMS, cosine-referenced voltage phasor is:
V

V e jV V V ,

v (t )

Re 2 V e jt e jV ,

V cos V j V sin V ,

I cos I j I sin I .

(Note: Some texts use boldface type for complex

numbers, or bars on the top.)
Also note that the convention in power engineering is
that the magnitude of the phasor is the RMS voltage of
the waveform:

Advantages of Phasor
Analysis

Device

Time Analysis

Phasor

Resistor

v (t ) Ri ( t )

V RI

Inductor

di (t )
v(t ) L
dt

V j LI

Capacitor

1
v ( t ) i ( t )dt v (0)
C0

1
V
I
jC

Z = Impedance R jX Z ,
R = Resistance,
X = Reactance,
Z =

R X ,

=arctan .
R

(Note: Z is a
complex number
but not a
phasor).
6

RL Circuit Example

v (t )
f
R

2 100cos(t 30), so V 10030,

60Hz,
4,
X L 2 fL 3,

i (t )

20 2 cos(t 6.9).

42 32 5, tan 1 (3/ 4) 36.9,

V
10030

,
Z
536.9
20 6.9 Amps,

Complex Power
Instantaneous Power :
p (t ) v(t ) i (t ),
v(t ) = Vmax cos( t V ),
i (t)

= I max cos( t I ),

1
cos cos [cos( ) cos( )],
2
1
p (t ) Vmax I max [cos(V I )
2
cos(2 t V I )].
8

Complex Power, contd

Instantaneous Power is sum of average and varying terms :
1
p (t ) Vmax I max [cos(V I ) cos(2 t V I )],
2
T

Pavg

p (t )dt ,

T0
1
Vmax I max cos(V I ),
2
V I cos(V I ),

Power Factor Angle = =V I .

9

Complex Power, contd

Re - interpretation of instantaneous Power :

p (t )

1
Vmax I max [cos(V I ) cos(2t V I )],
2
1
Vmax I max [cos(V I ) cos(2t 2V (V I ))],
2
1
Vmax I max [cos(V I ) cos(2t 2V ) cos(V I )]
2
Instantaneous power into resistive component

1
Vmax I max sin(2t 2V ) sin(V I ),
2
Instantaneous power into electric and magnetic fields
10

Complex Power
S V I cos(V I ) j sin(V I ) ,
P jQ,
V I *,
(Note: S is a complex number but not
a phasor.)
P = Real Power
(W, kW, MW),
Q = Reactive Power (VAr, kVAr, MVAr),
= magnitude of power into electric and magnetic fields,
S = Complex power (VA, kVA, MVA),
Power Factor (pf) = cos ,
If current leads voltage then pf is leading,
If current lags voltage then pf is lagging.
11

Complex Power, contd

Power Triangle

|S|
Q

P
2

S P Q

tan

S P jQ

1 Q

pf

P
P2 Q2

P
P
S

cos( ) pf
12

Complex Power, contd

Relationships between real, reactive, and complex power:
P S cos ,
Q S sin

S 1 pf 2 ,

Example: A load draws 100 kW with a leading pf of 0.85.

What are (power factor angle), Q and S ?

cos 1 0.85 31.8,

negative since
leading pf
100kW
S
117.6 kVA,
0.85
Q 117.6sin( 31.8) 62.0 kVAr.
Load consumes -62 kVAr, i.e. load supplies +62 kVAr capacitive load

13

Conservation of Power
At every node (bus) in the system:
Sum of real power into node must equal zero,
Sum of reactive power into node must equal
zero.

This is a direct consequence of Kirchhoffs

current law, which states that the total
current into each node must equal zero.
Conservation of real power and conservation of
reactive power follows since S = VI*.

14

Conservation of Power
Example
Power flowing from
source to load at bus

Earlier we found
I = 20-6.9 amps

S V I * 10030 206.9 200036.9 VA,

= 1600W + j1200VAr
36.9 pf = 0.8 lagging,
*

S R VR I ( RI ) I 4 20 6.9 206.9,
2

PR 1600W I R

(QR 0),

S L VL I * ( jXI ) I * 3 j 20 6.9 206.9,

QL 1200VA r

I X,

(PL 0).

15

Power Consumption in
Devices
Resistors only consume real power:
2

PResistor I Resistor R,
Inductors only "consume" reactive power:
2

QInductor I Inductor X L ,
Capacitors only "generate" reactive power:
2

QCapacitor I Capacitor X C
QCapacitor

VCapacitor
XC

1
XC
.
C

. (Note-some define X C negative.)

16

Example
I

First solve
basic circuit

400000 V
I
4000 Amps
1000
V 400000 (5 j 40) 4000
42000 j16000 44.920.8 kV
S V I * 44.9k20.8 4000
17.9820.8 MVA 16.8 j 6.4 MVA
17

Example, contd
Now add additional
reactive power load
and re-solve, assuming
that load voltage is
maintained at 40 kV.

Z Load 70.7

pf 0.7 lagging

I 564 45 Amps
V 59.713.6 kV
S 33.758.6 MVA 17.6 j 28.8 MVA
Need higher source voltage to maintain load voltage magnitude when
reactive power load is added to circuit. Current is higher.

18

Power System Notation

Power system components are usually shown as
one-line diagrams. Previous circuit redrawn.
17.6 MW

16.0 MW

28.8 MVR

-16.0 MVR
59.7 kV

17.6 MW
28.8 MVR

Generators are
shown as circles

40.0 kV

16.0 MW
16.0 MVR

Transmission lines are

shown as a single line

Arrows are
used to
show loads

19

Reactive Compensation
Key idea of reactive compensation is to supply reactive
power locally. In the previous example this can
be done by adding a 16 MVAr capacitor at the load.

16.8 MW

16.0 MW

6.4 MVR

0.0 MVR
44.94 kV

16.8 MW
6.4 MVR

40.0 kV

16.0 MW
16.0 MVR

16.0 MVR

Compensated circuit is identical to first example with just real pow

Supply voltage magnitude and line current is lower with compensa
20

Reactive Compensation,
contd

Reactive compensation decreased the line

flow from 564 Amps to 400 Amps. This
has advantages:
Lines losses, which are equal to I2 R, decrease,
Lower current allows use of smaller wires, or
alternatively, supply more load over the same
wires,
Voltage drop on the line is less.

Reactive compensation is used extensively

throughout transmission and distribution
systems.
Capacitors can be used to correct a
loads power factor to an arbitrary value.
21

Power Factor Correction

Example
Assume we have 100 kVA load with pf=0.8 lagging,
and would like to correct the pf to 0.95 lagging
S 80 j 60 kVA

cos 1 0.8 36.9

PF of 0.95 requires desired

cos 1 0.95 18.2

Snew 80 j (60 Qcap )

60 - Qcap
80
Qcap

tan18.2 60 Qcap 26.3 kVAr

33.7 kVAr
22

Distribution System
Capacitors

23

Balanced 3 Phase ()
Systems

A balanced 3 phase () system has:

three voltage sources with equal magnitude,
but with an angle shift of 120,
equal loads on each phase,
equal impedance on the lines connecting the
generators to the loads.

Bulk power systems are almost

exclusively 3.
Single phase is used primarily only in low
voltage, low power settings, such as
residential and some commercial.
Single phase transmission used for
electric trains in Europe.
24

Balanced 3 -- Zero Neutral

Current

In Ia Ib Ic
V
In
(10 1 1
Z
S Van I a* Vbn I b* Vcn I c* 3 Van I a*
Note: Vxy means voltage at point x with respect to point y.
25

Advantages of 3 Power
Can transmit more power for same
amount of wire (twice as much as single
phase).
Total torque produced by 3 machines is
constant, so less vibration.
Three phase machines use less material
for same power rating.
Three phase machines start more easily
than single phase machines.
26

Three Phase - Wye

Connection
There are two ways to connect 3 systems:
Wye (Y), and
Delta ().

Wye Connection Voltages

Van

Vbn

Vcn

V
27

Wye Connection Line

Voltages
V
Vab

cn

Vca

-Vbn
Van
Vbn
Vbc

Vab
Vbc
Vca

( = 0 in this case)

Van Vbn V (1 1 120

3 V 30

3 V 90

Line to line
voltages are
also balanced.

3 V 150
28

Wye Connection, contd

We call the voltage across each element of a
wye connected device the phase voltage.
We call the current through each element of
a wye connected device the phase current.
Call the voltage across lines the line-toline or just the line voltage.
Call the current through lines the line
current.

VLine 3 VPhase 130 3 VPhase e

I Line I Phase
S3

*
3 VPhase I Phase

29

Delta Connection
For Delta connection,
voltages across elements
equals line voltages
Ica

For currents
I a I ab I ca

Ic

Ib
Ibc

Iab
Ia

3 I ab

I b I bc I ab
I c I ca I bc
*
S3 3 VPhase I Phase

30

Three Phase Example

Assume a -connected load, with each leg Z =
10020 is supplied from a 3 13.8 kV (L-L) source

Vab 13.80 kV
Vbc 13.8 0 kV
Vca 13.80 kV
13.80 kV
I ab
138 20 amps

I bc 138 140 amps
I ca 1380 amps
31

Three Phase Example,

contd
I a I ab I ca 138 20 1380
239 50 amps
I b 239 170 amps I c 2390 amps
*
S 3 Vab I ab
3 13.80kV 138 amps

5.7 MVA
5.37 j1.95 MVA
pf cos 20 lagging
32

Delta-Wye Transformation
To simplify analysis of balanced 3 systems:
1)-connected loads can be replaced by
1
Y-connected loads with Z Y Z
3
2)-connected sources can be replaced by
VLine
Y-connected sources with Vphase
330

33

Delta-Wye Transformation
Proof
-

Suppose the two sides have identical terminal behavior.

For the side we get
Vab Vca
Vab Vca
Ia

Z Z
Z
Hence

Vab Vca

Ia

34

Delta-Wye Transformation,
contd
For the Y side we get
Vab ZY ( I a I b )

Vca ZY ( I c I a )

Vab Vca ZY (2 I a I b I c )
Ia Ib Ic 0 Ia Ib Ic

Since

Vab Vca 3 ZY I a

Hence
3 ZY

Vab Vca

Z
Ia

Therefore

ZY

1
Z
3
35

Three Phase Transmission

Line

36