Welcome to

APA Referencing
Approved Referencing System at
The Maldives National University

3/17/15

Plagiarism

Using someone else's thoughts or

words without giving due credit to
the original author or creator.
Can be either intentional or
unintentional.

Unintentional Plagiarism

Ignorance due to lack of education

can result in unintentional
plagiarism, it is still a copyright
violation and a very serious
academic honesty offense.

Intentional Plagiarism

Intentional plagiarism means that

someone knowingly copies another's
work for the intent of using the work
as his/her own.

Examples of Plagiarism

Copying and pasting text from

online encyclopedias
Copying and pasting text from
any web site
Using photographs, video or
audio without permission or
acknowledgement
Using another students or
your parents work and
claiming it as your own even
with permission

More Examples of
Plagiarism

Quoting a source without using

quotation marks-even if you do
cite it
Citing sources you didnt use
Getting a research paper, story,
poem, or article off the Internet
Turning in the same paper for
more than one class without the
permission of both teachers (this
is called self-plagiarism)
Can you think of more?

How to Avoid
Plagiarism

Use your own words and ideas

Always give credit to the source
where you have received your
information
If you use someones exact
words - put them in quotes and
give credit using in-text
citations. Include the source in
your references

How to Avoid
Plagiarism

If you have paraphrased someones

work, (summarizing a passage or
rearranging the order of a
sentence and changing some of the
words)-always give credit
Take very good notes--write down
the source as you are taking notes.
Do not wait until later to try and
retrieve the original source
Avoid using someone elses work
with minor cosmetic changes

Getting Started

What is a reference list?

A reference list at the end of a

paper provides the full information
necessary to identify and retrieve
each source. It cites works that
specifically support a particular
article.

References should be alphabetically listed

by authors last name at the end of the
paper or presentation.

Reference List

What is a bibliography?

A bibliography cites works for

background or for further reading.

What is a Citation?

References and citations in text are the

formal methods of acknowledging the use of
a creators work.

An In-Text Citation?
Direct citations and quotations are acknowledged
in the body of a research assignment.
(Right in the sentence or paragraph)

http://gladstone.vsb.bc.ca/library/cheating/

Plagiarism is STEALING, and is a very

serious offence.

What is APA..?

American Psychological Association

(APA).

APA style enables the use of an

abbreviated referencing system.

The full reference is given in the

reference list at the end.

16

You must reference

when.

Quoting the exact

words of another
writer
Paraphrasing putting the work of
another writer into
your own words
Summarising - using
ideas or material
directly based on
the work of another

What is the purpose of

referencing?

Give credit to others ideas

Make it easy to find references

Provide a standardized way of formatting

academic documents such as journal
articles: e.g. methodological papers,
theory papers, case studies, and student
papers

What are the parts of

APA citation?

Elements of a citation:
-authors last name/date of publication
-parentheses
-page # for quote (and increasingly, for a paraphrase)

Examples:

In his study of the long-term effects of cognitive

therapy, Crowder (1998) suggests that.(p.24)
One study (Crowder, 1998) suggests that.(p.24)

Hint: provide a citation when you

mention a study.
keep the authors name and the year together.

In-text referencing

Acknowledge others work at the

point it appears or is discussed in
your essay
Relies on reader getting the details
from your bibliography or works
cited list.

In-text referencing

In developing countries in particular, the

metaphor of the information age has
generated a whole set of wild
speculations about the necessity of
educational reforms that will
accommodate the new tools (Pelgrum,
2001). Doing so, these governments have
added to their burden of debt even
though the costs are large and the payoffs
modest (Benzie, 1995, p.38). It is widely
accepted that culture, within a nation or
an organization, shapes individuals
perceptions of innovations that bear

One work one author

The authors name and year of publication
are included in the text.
Example:
The nature of the tutorial guidance is of
key importance in this form of learning
(Barrows, 1985).
OR
Barrows (1985) argues that effective small
group learning is difficult to carry out
within a traditional learning
environment.
22

In-text referencing one

author

one author:
Shaw (1995) compares various
testing methods

OR
In

a recent study of various testing

methods (Shaw, 1995) ...

How do I cite two

authors of the same
source?

Use both authors names every time

If you use a stem phrase, use the word
and:

Example: In their study of the long-term effects of

cognitive therapy, Crowder and Marsh (1998)
suggest that.

If you dont use a stem phrase use an

ampersand:

One study (Crowder & Marsh, 1998)

suggests that.

How do I cite 3 to 5
authors?

In the first in-text citation, name all the

authors:
Examples:
In their study of the long-term effects of
cognitive therapy, Crowder, Marsh ,
Lewis, and Frodo (1998) suggest that.
One study (Crowder, Marsh, Lewis &
Frodo 1998) suggests that.
In all following citations, name the first author
followed by et al.
Examples:
In their study of the long-term effects of
cognitive therapy, Crowder et al. (1998)
suggest that.

How do I cite 6
authors?

For all citations, name only the first

author, followed by et al.

Examples for a source by Crowder,

Frodo, Holmes, Lewis, Marsh and
Martel:

In their study of the long-term effects of

cognitive therapy, Crowder et al. (1998)
suggest that.
One study (Crowder et al., 1998) suggests
that.

One author, more than one

work.
Two or more works, same year

Example:
Heron developed his ideas of such a
community (Heron, 1974a) and was
later able to report on the practical
implementation (Heron, 1974b).

27

Same surname

When two or more authors in your citation

list share a common surname, use their
initials in all text citations to avoid
confusion, even if the year of publication
differs.

They are arranged alphabetically by the

first initial in the reference list.

Example:
K.A. March (1996) found this to be true,
while B. March (1998) found this to be
false.
28

Multiple references.
Different authors
List in alphabetical order by the first
author's surname and separate the
citations by a semi-colon.
Example:
Several studies have shown this to be
the case (Archer, 1993; Row, 1996;
Walton & Steel, 1992).

29

Multiple
references..cont

Two or more work by the same author

List in chronological order by year of
publication; use authors name only
once.
Example:
Past research (Brown, 1997, 1999)
indicates.

30

How do I cite a
personal
communication?

What IS a personal communication?

Email, lectures, letters, memos, telephone

conversations, e-bulletin boards, and personal
interviews, etc.
Any source that doesnt provide recoverable data

Do not provide a reference; cite in the text

only.
Give initials as well as a surname and as exact
a date as you can:

Example: In a personal interview, one RN suggested

to me (K.T MacDonald, personal communication,
March 17, 2010) that cognitive therapy is most
effective when.

How do I cite a
secondary source?

What IS a secondary source?

A source that quotes or paraphrases another

source that YOU did not read in the original
Example: If Thompson wrote in a 2001
publication on p. 201:
In 1989, Crowder et al. suggested that cognitive
therapy was most effectively administered by
specially trained medical staff. They concluded
that, When compared to non-medical staff. (p.
52).
In this case, Thompson would be the secondary
source, and Crowder would be the primary source.

Then, you would cite the secondary source if

you have not read the original. In this case,
you would cite Thompson:

How do I cite unknown

authors?

Cite the source by its title in the signal

phrase or use the first word or two in
the parenthetical citation. Titles of
books and reports are italicized or
underlined; titles of articles, chapters,
and web pages are in quotation
marks, with the comma inside the
quotes.
Examples:

In addition, the study that appears on the

website, Using APA (2001), suggests.
A similar study was done of students learning to

How do I cite an
organization as author?

Mention the organization in the signal

phrase or in the parenthetical citation
the first time you cite the source. If the
organization has a well-known
abbreviation, include the abbreviation
in brackets the first time the source is
cited and then use only the
abbreviation in later citations

Examples:
No abbreviation
In text: According to the American
Psychological Association (2000),...
Parenthetical: (American Psychological
Association, 2000)
Abbreviation :
In text: According to the American
Psychological Association (APA, 2000),...
Second citation: (APA, 2000)
Parenthetical: (American Psychological
Association [APA], 2000)
Second citation: (APA, 2000)

No author
If there is no author, publisher or
sponsoring authority is normally
considered as author
Example:
Australian Institute of Health and
Welfare (1990) states that..

36

No author..cont

If the publisher or sponsoring body

information is not available, cite the
tile and the year in in-text.

Use Anonymous as an author if

that is how the source material is
signed.

37

No Date
When no date is given, substitute date
with n.d which is abbreviation for
no date.
Example:
Banks (n.d., p.30) examines

38

Articles in edited books

When citing an article from an

edited book, use the surname of the
author of the article and the date
that this particular edited collection
was published.

A specific page reference may also

be given.

39

Articles in edited
books..cont

Example
In text
The newly developed staffing method is
more cost effective compared to old
methods (Nolan & Lundb, 1998, p. 5).
Reference entry
Nolan, M. , & Lundb, U. (1998). Ways of
knowing in nursing and health care. In P.
Crooks & S. Davies (Eds).

40

Journal articles
In- text
The in-text citation for a journal article
is the same as for a book and
includes the surname of the author
and the date of publication of the
edition of journal.
Reference list
Williams, A.M., & Irurita, V. F. (1998).
Important aspects of nursing care.
41

Electronic Journal articles

In- text
The in-text citation for a electronic journal
article retrieved from a database is same as
that for a book and includes the surname of
the author and the date of publication of
the edition of journal.
Reference list
Williams, A.M., & Irurita, V. F. (1998).
Important aspects of nursing care.
Australian journal of Advanced Nursing, 16
(2), 36-44. Retrieved42 November 17, 2004,

Newspapers and magazines

Newspaper
Trillin, C. (1993, February 15). Culture
shopping. New Yorker, pp. 48-51.
Magazine
Kanfer, S. (1986, July 21). Heard any good
books lately? Time, 113, 71-72.

43

Non-Print published
materials

In-text
Computer programs, and all audio-visual
materials should be treated in the same
way as books for in-text citations.
Reference list
Maas, J.B. (Producer), & Gluck, D.H.
(Director). (1997). Deeper into hypnosis
(Film). Englewood Cliff, NJ: Prentice Hall.

44

Information on WWW
Direct quotation: Example
Its essential you learn how to reference
(Dawson, Smith, Deubert & Gery-Smith,
2002, p.1).
Its essential you learn how to reference
(Dawson, Smith, Deubert & Gery-Smith,
2002, paragraph 2).
Reference list entry
Dawson, J., Smith, L., Deubert, K., & GerySmith, S. (2002). S Trek 6: Referencing,
not plagiarism. Retrieved October 31,
2002, from,
45

How do I reference an
image?

Images from
sources other than
clip art must be
acknowledged
usually with a
note under the
image, whether
this be in an
essay, report,
presentation or
web page

From: Cartoon. (2000). Ariadne, (24). Retrieved on August 1,

2001 from http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/issue24/cartoon/

How do I quote in APA?

Include all of the elements of a citation that you use for

a paraphrase and in addition, provide a page number.
Make stem phrases work grammatically with quotes.
Put any words in brackets that dont appear in the
quote. Indicate any omissions with an ellipsis, using
four dots for omissions between sentences.

Examples:
In his study of the long-term effects of cognitive
therapy, Crowder (1998) states, personnel who
were given a six week, specialized course in
cognitive therapy demonstrated (p. 287).
Researchers in one study (Crowder & Marsh, 1998)
concluded that personnel who were given a six
week, specialized course (p. 287).

Omitting material in the

Quotation

Three ellipsis points () within a sentence

indicate that you have omitted material
from the original source. A fourth ellipsis
point (.) is used to indicate any omission
between two sentences.

Ellipsis points are used at the beginning

and/or end of a quote, only if you need to
emphasize that the quote begins and/or
end mid-sentence to prevent
misinterpretation.
48

Example Omitting
Materials

Johns (1998, p.1) states, when discussing

reflective practice, that the influence of
Patrecia Benner must be acknowledged in
focusing attention on the nature of
expertise . The expert responds intuitively
to situations, responding to the whole
situation.
49

Accuracy of the
quotation

Any incorrect spelling, punctuation or

grammar in the original should be
reproduced in your quotation and followed
by the word sic, underlined or in italics
and in brackets [], that is, [sic] or [sic]
[Sic] is a Latin word meaning thus in a quotation, it means it's not
a typo, that's really what the original said.

50

Example Incorrect
quotations
Evans (1995, p. 72) reminds us that when
reading for a semester essay, a student is
trying to find relevant sources and extend
their knowledge of the topic. In contrast,
revising foe [sic] exams, they are trying to
consolidate and clarify the knowledge
already acquired.
51

Paraphrasing

If you do not quote directly from

the work but express the ideas in
your own words, then you are
paraphrasing.

The name and date of

publication of the source is
placed in-text in these instances.
52

Paraphrasing

How do I integrate a
quote?

Integrate the quote into a

sentence; dont make it stand
alone.
Integrate the quote into a
sentence grammatically.
Make sure the sentences before
the quote prepare the reader for
its meaning.

When do I indent a
quote?

Indent when, and only when it is

over 40 words: do a word count to be
sure.

Do not use quotation marks in a

block quotation

When do I indent a
quote?

The APA manual, sixth edition (2010), gives this advice on

block quotations:
If the quotation comprises 40 or more words, display
it in a freestanding block of text and omit the
quotation marks. Start such a block quotation on a
new line and indent the block about a half inch from
the left margin (in the same position as a new
paragraph). If there are additional paragraphs within
the quotation, indent the first line of each an
additional half inch. Double space the entire
quotation. At the end of a block quotation, cite the
quoted source and the page or paragraph number in

How do I format a
reference list entry?

Reference list entry components:

-author information
-date of publication
-title of the source
-publication information

Example of a reference entry for a

book:

Brown, C. (2005). Learning styles: A

resource book for teachers. Toronto,
Ontario, Canada: Macmillan.*

How do I format some

of the more common
source
types?
Entry in a reference book (e.g. encyclopedia):
Harris, H. S., Perry, T., & Foubert, J. (1967). Italian
philosophy. In P. Edwards (Ed.), The encyclopedia of
philosophy (Vol. 3-4, pp.225-234). London, England:
Collier, Macmillan.*
Journal:
Albertson, J. (2000). The greatest comic book hero ever.
Popular Culture, 51(3), 23-40.
Two authors with the same surname:
Thompson, M.A. (2003). The history of the Spanish in Los
Angeles. New York, NY: Macmillian.
Thompson, P.R. (2003). The history of the Irish in Boston.
Boston, MA: Macmillan.**

How do I cite electronic

sources?

Online journal article retrieved from a URL:

Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication). Title of

article. Title of Online Periodical, volume number
(issue number if available). Retrieved from
http://www.someaddress.com/full/url/ *

Thompson, A. & Wendell, P. T. (2010). Cognitive therapy as

an adjunct to psychotropics. Journal of Psychiatric
Therapy,
12(2).
Retrieved
from
http://journalofpsychtherapy.com/url

Online journal article with a DOI:

Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication). Title of
article. Title of Journal, volume number, page range.
doi:0000000/000000000000
Thompson, A. & Wendell, P. T. (2010). Cognitive therapy as
an adjunct to psychotropics. Journal of Psychiatric

How do I cite electronic

sources?

Newsgroup, online forum, discussion group:

Rampersay, T. (2011, June 8). Traditional

knowledge and traditional cultural expressions
[online forum comment]. Retrieved from
http://www.wipo.int/roller/comments/iposfor
um/Weblog/theme_eight_how_can_cultural#comm
en
ts *
Blog post
Meyers, P.Z. (2011, June 8). The unfortunate
prerequisites and consequences of partitioning
your mind [Web log post]. Retrieved from
http://scienceblogs.com/pharyngula/2011/06/th
e_unfortunate_prerequisites.php

How do I cite electronic

sources?

Blog comment
LindyLou (2011, June 8). The unfortunate
prerequisites and consequences of partitioning
your mind [Web log comment]. Retrieved from
http://scienceblogs.com/pharyngula/2011/06/the_u
nfortunate_prerequisites.php

Tips on citing e-sources:

If you have a choice between html and PDF, choose

PDF. It will have page #s.
Save a copy on your hard drive
Note the date you retrieved the article, especially if it
is in html
If there are no page #s, use paragraph #s with the
abbreviation para.
If there is no date, use n.d.

If there are no paragraphs or page #s, reference the

heading and the paragraph # following it.

Example: (Thompson,n.d., para. 14)

Example: (Thompson, n.d., Cognitive Therapy:

History,para. 2)

If headings are too long, use a shortened version.

Example:: (Thompson, n.d., Cognitve Therapy can be

traced, para 2.)

The original heading was: Cognitive Therapys history can be

Questions

When do I use italics?

Titles of books, periodicals, films, videos, etc. in the text
(APA, p. 104)
What is the correct way to format a running head?
APA official corrections site:
http://supp.apa.org/style/PM6E-Corrected-Sample-Pape
rs.pdf
Use the header function on the View menu to create a
running head.
When do I footnote?
Use only for content notes or copyright acknowledgement.
(APA p.37-38)
How do I reference myself?
Consider the type of sourcepublished, etc. (APA, p.16)
Assignments: check with your professor
How do I use referencing software?
Contact Elaine Fabro at the AU Library for more about

Other things to
remember:

When you use ideas that are not

your own, you must document.

Always think of making it easy for

the reader to find your sources.

Check all in-text citations and

reference entries for punctuation,
formatting, and all elements for
the type of source youre dealing
with.

Questions??