ADVANCED BUSINESS

APPLICATION PROGRAMMING

-An Introduction

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Objectives:
ØSAP Architecture- An Overview
ØABAP Workbench Tools
ØABAP Programming- An
Overview
ØCreating a sample Program

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 What is SAP R/3 ?
Ø SAP= System, Application & Products in data
processing(R/3 = Runtime System Three).
Ø Name of company & software.
Ø SAP is an ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning)
system
Ø Used to plan, organize, integrate and manage their
various operations like accounting, finance,
manufacturing and human resources.
Ø AIM: Improve efficiency and accuracy.



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 SAP SYSTEM (3 Tier Architecture)
SAP GUI SAP GUI

Presentation Layer
(Windows based)

SAP Instance
Application Layer
Dispatcher M
(Windows Server/UNIX)
Requ
est SAP Buffer
Queu (Shared
e Mem)
D D B V S E
G

Oracle
Database Layer
Informix
(Windows Server/UNIX)
DB2
Database Server
MS SQL Server
MaxDB
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 SAP ARCHITECTURE
Ø Based on client/server architecture and uses
a relational database to track all
information.
Ø Made up of small programs called
transactions.
Ø R/3 gathers related transactions together
into groups and call them modules.
Ø Module- set of transactions that deal with
the same area of business functionality.
Ø
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 ABAP
Advanced
Business

Application

Programming

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 ABAP Contd……..
Ø Fourth-generation programming language.
Ø Allows variables to be defined, modulation of
programs via subroutines and function calls,
access to the database via open SQL and some
event-oriented programming.
Ø Used by SAP developers to build transactions that
make up the R/3 application.
Ø Used by companies to customize the R/3
application i.e. providing additional business
functionality.
Ø
Ø
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Common Uses:
Ø Custom reports – a program that reads specific data from
the database and then displays the data via the
computer screen or printer.
Ø Custom Transaction – a program similar to SAP
transactions to fulfill some business function not
provided by SAP – Dialog Programming.
Ø Interface – a program that moves data into SAP – BDC,
Call Transaction or reads data from SAP and writes it
to a system file to be transferred to an external
computer system
 e.g. a legacy mainframe – DATA EXTRACT
Ø
Ø
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 ABAP Development Workbench
Tools

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1.ABAP Editor
Ø A tool that you use to write ABAP programs, class
methods, function modules, screen flow logic,
type groups and logical databases.
Ø ABAP Editor can be accessed in two ways
Ø 1.Menu Path:
 SAP Main Screen > Tools > ABAP Workbench
> Development > ABAP Editor (Double Click) Or
2. Simply use transaction code SE38 to start ABAP

Editor
Ø
Ø
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2. MENU PAINTER:
Ø A tool with which you design user interfaces
for your ABAP programs.
Ø An instance of the user interface, consisting
of a menu bar, a standard toolbar, an
application Toolbar, and a function key
setting, is called a GUI status. The GUI
status and GUI title defines how the user
interface will look and behave in an
ABAP program.
Ø
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3. SCREEN PAINTER
Ø A ABAP Workbench tool that allows to create screens for
transactions.
Ø SCREEN PAINTER MODES:
 The Screen Painter has a layout editor that you use to
design your screen layout. It works in two modes:
 -Graphical mode and
 - Alphanumeric mode.
Ø Both modes offer the same functions but use different
interfaces. In graphical mode, you use a drag and drop
interface similar to a drawing tool. In alphanumeric
mode, you use your keyboard and menus.
Ø
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To start the Screen Painter, choose the corresponding pushbutton on the
initial screen of the ABAP Workbench or enter Transaction SE51

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4. DATA DICTIONARY
Ø Contains all definitions for Domains, Data Elements,
Structures, Tables, Views, Search Helps, Lock Objects,
Match code Objects, The Table Maintenance Generator,
and the Table Description Generator.


Ø With these objects in its repository, the ABAP Dictionary:

 -Enforces data integrity
 -Manages data definitions without redundancy
 -Is tightly integrated with the rest of the ABAP/4
Development Workbench.
Ø

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 The Three Levels of Dictionary

TABLE Represent database tables, made up

DATA Each
of onefield of a table
or more fields.or structure ,
DOMAIN
ELEMENT Specifies
describes the
thetechnical
meaning properties
of the field.of a
table field, Specifies the set of
allowed data values for that field and
its output characteristics

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 ABAP/4 SYNTAX
Ø An ABAP/4 program consists of individual statements
Ø Each statement must end with a period.
Ø The first word of a statement is known as the key word.
Ø Words are separated from each other by at least one blank.
Ø Statements can be indented.
Ø Statements can extend over several lines.
Ø You can concatenate several consecutive statements with
an identical key word (e.g. WRITE: ).
Ø Follow the key word with a colon.
Ø Separate each concatenated part with a comma.
Ø End the lines of the concatenated statements with a period.
Ø

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 ABAP/4 Syntax (cont.)
Ø You can insert comments into a program in
two ways:
Ø1. An asterisk (*) in column 1 flags the
whole line as a comment.
Ø2. A quotation mark (“) within a line flags
the remainder of the line as a comment.
Ø

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Example: COMMENT
* PROGRAM SAPMTEST *
V ARIABLE DECLARATION
 DATA tmp TYPE I.
 WRITE ‘Hello World’. WRITE ‘OK’.

=
* PROGRAM SAPMTEST *
CHAINED STATEMENT
 DATA tmp TYPE I.
 WRITE :‘Hello World’,‘OK’.


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 ELEMENTARY DATA TYPES

Predefined
Type Descri
C Charac
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Date
22
DEFINING DATA TYPES

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TYPE ADDITION:
ØSyntax:
 TYPES <t> ... [TYPE <type
ØExample:
 TYPES: number
TYPE I,
 length TYPE P.


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Structure Types
ØSyntax: TYPES: BEGIN OF <structure>,
 ..............
 <ti> ...,
 ..............
 END OF <structure>.

ØExample:
 TYPES: BEGIN of address,
 name TYPE surname,
 code TYPE zip_code,
 town TYPE city,
 str TYPE street,
 END OF address.

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 Defining Variable with
DATA Statement
ØSyntax:
 DATA var[(length)] [Type type] [Decimals number].

ØExample:
 DATA: tmp(10) TYPE C,
 tmp1 TYPE I,
 tmp2(8) TYPE P DECIMALS 2 VALUE ‘1.50’.
Ø

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 Literals



DATA tmp TYPE I. Text Literal


WRITE ‘Hello World’.

WRITE ’10’. Text Literal

MOVE 9 TO tmp.
Numeric Literal
 PROCESSING DATA:
Move Statement
ØSyntax:
Ø MOVE <f1> TO <f2>.
ØExample:
 DATA: T(10) TYPE C,
 NUMBER TYPE P DECIMALS 2,
 COUNT TYPE I.
 T = 1111.
 MOVE '5.75' TO NUMBER.
 COUNT = NUMBER.
Ø

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 Assigning Values Between
Components of Structures
 MOVE-CORRESPONDING <struct1> TO
<struct2>.
 Example:
 DATA: BEGIN OF ADDRESS,
 FIRSTNAME(20) VALUE 'Fred',
 SURNAME(20) VALUE 'Flintstone',
 INITIALS(4) VALUE 'FF',
 STREET(20) VALUE 'Cave Avenue,
 NUMBER TYPE I VALUE '11'.
 POSTCODE TYPE N VALUE '98765'.
 CITY(20) VALUE 'Bedrock',
 END OF ADDRESS.


 DATA: BEGIN OF NAME,

 SURNAME(20),
 FIRSTNAME(20),
 INITIALS(4),
 TITLE(10) VALUE 'Mister',
 END OF NAME.
 MOVE-CORRESPONDING ADDRESS TO NAME.


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Assigning Values with WRITE
TO Statement
Ø Converts the contents of the source field into a field with type C.
Ø Syntax:
Ø WRITE <f1> TO <f2> [<option>].
Ø Example:
 DATA: NUMBER TYPE F VALUE '4.3',
 TEXT(10),
 FLOAT TYPE F,
 PACK TYPE P DECIMALS 1.
 WRITE NUMBER.
 WRITE / TEXT.
 WRITE NUMBER TO FLOAT.
 WRITE / FLOAT.
 WRITE NUMBER TO PACK.
Ø

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 Numerical Operations
Ø To assign the result of a mathematical calculation to a
variable, use the COMPUTE statement or the
assignment operator (=).

ØSyntax: COMPUTE <n> = <expression>.

 COMPUTE is optional

ØExample:
 DATA: COUNTER TYPE I.
 COMPUTE COUNTER = COUNTER + 1.
 COUNTER = COUNTER + 1.
 ADD 1 TO COUNTER.


Ø
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 Arithmetic Calculations

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 Mathematical Functions
 Syntax: [COMPUTE] <n> = <func>( <m> ).
•
•
•
•
 Example: DATA N TYPE P DECIMALS 2.
 DATA M TYPE P DECIMALS 2 VALUE '-5.55'.
 WRITE: 'ABS: ', N.
 N = SIGN( M ). WRITE: / 'SIGN: ', N.
 N = CEIL( M ). WRITE: / 'CEIL: ', N

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 Processing Character Strings
Ø Shifting a String by a Given Number of
Positions
Ø SHIFT <c> [BY <n> PLACES]
[<mode>].
Ø Example:
 DATA: T(10) VALUE 'abcdefghij',
 STRING LIKE T.
 STRING = T.
 WRITE STRING.
 SHIFT STRING.
 WRITE / STRING.

Ø Output: abcdefghij
 bcdefghij
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ØConverting to Upper or Lower Case
Ø TRANSLATE <c> TO UPPER CASE.
Ø TRANSLATE <c> TO LOWER CASE.

ØReplacing Field Contents

Ø To replace a string in a field with a different string, use the
REPLACE statement.
Ø REPLACE <str1> WITH <str2> INTO <c>

ØFinding Character Strings

Ø To search a character field for a particular pattern, use the
SEARCH statement as follows:
Ø SEARCH <c> FOR <str>

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Ø Finding the Length of a Character String
Ø [COMPUTE] <n> = STRLEN( <c> ).
Ø Concatenating Character Strings
Ø CONCATENATE <c1> ... <cn> INTO <c> [SEPARATED
BY <s>].

ØExample:
 DATA: INT TYPE I,
 WORD1(20) VALUE '12345'.
 INT = STRLEN( WORD1 ).

WRITE INT .


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 Controlling the Program Flow
Branching Conditionally


-The IF Control Structure

 Syntax:
 IF <condition1>.
 <statement block>
 ELSEIF <condition2>
 <statement block>.
 ELSEIF <condition3>.
 <statement block>
 .....
 ELSE.
 <statement block>
 ENDIF.


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Example:
 DATA: TEXT1(30) VALUE 'This is the first text',
 TEXT2(30) VALUE 'This is the second text',
 TEXT3(30) VALUE 'This is the third text',
 STRING(5) VALUE 'eco'.
 IF TEXT1 CS STRING.
 WRITE / 'Condition 1 is fulfilled'.
 ELSEIF TEXT2 CS STRING.
 WRITE / 'Condition 2 is fulfilled'.
 ELSEIF TEXT3 CS STRING.
 WRITE / 'Condition 3 is fulfilled'.
 ELSE.
 WRITE / 'No condition is fulfilled'.
 ENDIF.
•

• OUTPUT: Condition 2 is fulfilled.

• Here, the second logical expression TEXT2 CS STRING is true because the string
• "eco" occurs in TEXT2.
•

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 The CASE Control Structure
 Syntax:

CASE <f>.
 WHEN <f11> [OR <f12> OR ...].
 <Statement block>
 WHEN <f21>.[OR <f22> OR ...]
 <Statement block>
 WHEN <f31> [OR <f32> OR ...].
 <statement block>
 WHEN ...
 ......
 WHEN OTHERS.
 <statement block>
 ENDCASE.

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 Loops
Ø Unconditional Loops
Ø DO [<n> TIMES] [VARYING <f> FROM <f1> NEXT
<f2>].
 <Statement block>
 ENDDO.
Ø Conditional Loops
Ø WHILE <condition> [VARY <f> FROM <f1> NEXT
<f2>].
 <statement block>

 ENDWHILE.

 <condition> can be any logical expression .

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Example:

DATA: LENGTH TYPE I VALUE 0,
 STRL TYPE I VALUE 0,
 STRING(30) TYPE C VALUE 'Test String'.
 STRL = STRLEN( STRING ).
 WHILE STRING NE SPACE.
 WRITE STRING(1).
 LENGTH = SY-INDEX.
 SHIFT STRING.
 ENDWHILE.
 WRITE: / 'STRLEN: ', STRL.
 WRITE: / 'Length of string:', LENGTH.
 The output appears as follows:
 TestString
 STRLEN: 11
 Length of String: 11
•
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Internal tables
Ø Provide a means of taking data from a fixed
structure and storing it in working
 memory in ABAP.
Ø Data is stored line by line in memory.
Ø CREATING INTERNAL TYPES
 TYPES <t> TYPE|LIKE <tabkind> OF <linetype> [WITH <key>]
 [INITIAL SIZE <n>].

Ø
Ø

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 We can specify the table type <tabkind> as follows:

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Ø Sorting Internal Tables
Ø SORT <itab> [ASCENDING|DESCENDING] [AS TEXT]
[STABLE].


Ø Determining the Attributes of Internal Tables

Ø DESCRIBE TABLE <itab> [LINES <l>]
[OCCURS <n>] [KIND <k>].


Ø Inserting a Single Line

Ø INSERT <line> INTO TABLE <itab>.
Ø <line> is either a work area that is compatible with
the line type
Ø
Ø
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• Inserting Several Lines
INSERT LINES OF <itab1> [FROM <n1>] [TO <n2>] INTO TABLE <itab2>.
<itab1> and <itab2> are tables with a compatible line type.

 EXAMPLE:

DATA: BEGIN OF LINE,
 LAND(3) TYPE C,
 NAME(10) TYPE C,
 AGE TYPE I,
 WEIGHT TYPE P DECIMALS 2,
 END OF LINE.
 DATA ITAB LIKE SORTED TABLE OF LINE
 WITH NON-UNIQUE KEY LAND NAME AGE WEIGHT.
 LINE-LAND = 'G'. LINE-NAME = 'Hans'.
 LINE-AGE = 20. LINE-WEIGHT = '80.00'.
 INSERT LINE INTO TABLE ITAB.
 LINE-LAND = 'USA'. LINE-NAME = 'Nancy'.
 LINE-AGE = 35. LINE-WEIGHT = '45.00'.
 INSERT LINE INTO TABLE ITAB. LOOP AT ITAB INTO LINE.
 WRITE: / LINE-LAND, LINE-NAME, LINE-AGE, LINE-WEIGHT.
 ENDLOOP.
 The output is: F Michele 30 60.00



•

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ØReading Lines of Tables
ØREAD TABLE <itab> <key> <result>.
Ø Deleting a Line Using the Table Key
Ø DELETE TABLE <itab> FROM <wa>.
 or
Ø DELETE TABLE <itab> WITH TABLE
KEY <k1> = <f1> ... <kn> = <fn>.
ØAppending a Single Line
ØAPPEND <line> TO <itab>.
Ø
Ø
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Open SQL
• Consists of a set of ABAP statements
that perform operations on the
central database in the R/3 System
• provides a uniform syntax and
semantics for all of the database
systems supported by SAP.
•
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•

• Reading Data


The Open SQL statement for reading data from database

tables is:
 SELECT <result>
 INTO <target>
 FROM <source>
 [WHERE <condition>]
 [GROUP BY <fields>]
 [HAVING <cond>]
 [ORDER BY <fields>].
•

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ØInserting Lines into Tables
Ø INSERT INTO <target> <lines>.
Ø It allows you to insert one or more lines into the
database table <target>.
ØSpecifying a Database Table
Ø To specify the database table statically, enter the
following for <target>:
Ø UPDATE <dbtab> [CLIENT SPECIFIED]
<lines>.
Ø where <dbtab> is the name of a database table
defined in the ABAP Dictionary.
Ø
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 Committing Database Changes
Ø
Ø Open SQL contains the statements
Ø COMMIT WORK.
 and
Ø ROLLBACK WORK.
 for confirming or undoing database
updates.
Ø

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 HOW TO CREATE A
ABAP PROGRAM
 Transaction Code :
SE80


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STEPS:
Ø 1. Start the object navigator by typing se80 in
the command field from the SAP Main
screen.
Ø 2. Select Programs in the first input field.
Ø 3. Type in the desired name of the new
program, e.g. ZKKPROG1 in the second
input field. Click on display button.

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click on YES another dialog box pops open querying about
the program structure either as an individual file or a
framework program for includes.

•
•
•
•
• For now deselect the “With TOP INCL” flag.
Click on Enter to continue
•

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 If you are creating an ABAP program first time, another dialog window will pop
open requesting you to enter the Access Key so this user can be added as a Developer. Enter
your 20 Character access key here and click on continue.

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A new template pops up where you will define the important attributes of
the new application- Title, Program Type, Application:

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When you save a new object for the first time, the system displays a correction
and transport dialog box. Here the Development Class field needs to be
maintained. For now click the local object pushbutton.

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You will be returned to the opening screen of the object
navigator. Go to the course code screen by double clicking on
the object name

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 THE ABAP EDITOR

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Place cursor after the period at the end of first sentence and
press enter to get you to the next line. Type WRITE ‘Hello
World!’.

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Activate the program by going to Programs >
Activate

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 Press F8 to test the program

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A list is produced. To go back to the editor from the
report output window, click on the back arrow or F3
function key.

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 THANK YOU
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