SOAPS AND

DETERGENTS
Gonzales, Manuel
Gabriel
Manipol, Mark Glenn
Recinto, Margareth

SOAPS

HISTORY OF SOAPS
Made for more than 2500 years
600 BC- first recorded soap manufacture
from goats tallow and ash purposely used
medicinally
Second century AD was used for cleaning
purposes
19th century- soaps were
used commonly in the
Western world

DESCRIPTION AND
IMPORTANCE
Soaps and detergents use surfactants
as the main ingredient
removes dirt from surfaces
made from fat and caustic
soda
used as cleanser as well as
perfume
for medicinal purposes

DESCRIPTION AND
IMPORTANCE
Saponification reaction is the core
process of soap manufacture given by:

Exothermic in nature and develop

quickly at around 125oC

RAW MATERIALS

PROCESS
BATCH METHOD
Traditional method of soap
manufacturing
Takes about 4-11 days to complete the
process
Used for small-scale production wherein
soap is made from saponifying of oils
and fats with the aid of soap pan or
kettle

PROCESS
BATCH METHOD
Involves the following steps:
1. Slow incubation period involving the
addition of sodium or potassium
hydroxide to triglyceride.
2. Temperature of the soap mass is
controlled where alkali is used up rapidly
in this exothermic stage
3. Gradual completion stage

PROCESS
BATCH METHOD

PROCESS
CONTINUOUS METHOD
More flexible, higher speed and more
economical
6 hours of manufacturing time is
enough
Oils and fats are added to sodium
hydroxide in the presence of steam
and mixed inside a hydrolyser

FLOWCHART OF
CONTINUOUS PROCESS

FLOWCHART OF
CONTINUOUS PROCESS
START

END
NATURAL
FATS

SPLITTING

FINAL
PACKAGING

CAUSTIC
SUBSTANCE
LEFT-OVER
SOAPS

WRAPPING

BUBBLING

MILLING
SOAP
NOODLES

TRIMMING
S

MIXING

STAMPING
COOLING AND
FINISHING

MANUFACTURING PROCESS
SPLITTING
First step in the continuous process
Splits natural fat into fatty acids and
glycerin
Utilizes vertical stainless steel column
with the diameter of the barrel called a
hydrolizer
Fatty acids are distilled for purification

MANUFACTURING PROCESS
BUBBLING
Glycerine and fatty acids are mixed
together including caustic soda
Saponification occurs in this process
In order to facilitate the chemical
reaction, steam bubbles are introduced
Processed in a bubble kettle
Left over soaps at the bottom are reused

MANUFACTURING PROCESS
MILLING
Liquid soaps sprayed over a big mantle
roll and solidify
Blades cut it to soap ribbons
Steel rollers called mills, mix and
compresses soap ribbons
Blades cut it to a more denser ribbons

MANUFACTURING PROCESS
MILLING

MANUFACTURING PROCESS
SOAP NOODLES
Soap ribbons fall and are pushed to an
extruder known as the noodle plate
Shape soaps into noodles and collected
into vent
Soap noodles are dumped into a mixer

MANUFACTURING PROCESS
MIXING
Additives are mixed with the soap noodles
Color dyes in powder and liquid form are
added as well as fragrant oils with the aid of
steel blades

Another noodle plate is used to facilitate

further mixing of materials

MANUFACTURING PROCESS
COOLING AND FINISHING
The soap may be poured into molds and
allowed to harden into a large slab. It
may also be cooled in a special freezer.
The slab is cut into smaller pieces of bar
size, which are then stamped and
wrapped. The entire continuous process,
from splitting to finishing, can be
accomplished in several hours.

MANUFACTURING PROCESS
COOLING AND FINISHING

MANUFACTURING PROCESS
STAMPING
upon molding and trimming of the soap
bars, they are stamped
it is then delivered to the final
packaging

MANUFACTURING PROCESS
WRAPPING AND FINAL PACKAGING
Plastic sheets are used to cover soap
bars
Heat is then applied to seal the wrap
They are then moved and put to boxes
for delivery

PARAMETERS IN SELECTING A
GRADE OF AN INGREDIENT IN
SOAP-MAKING

Cleansing
Conditioning
Bubbly lather
Creamy lather
Iodine
INS

PARAMETERS IN SELECTING A
GRADE OF AN INGREDIENT IN
SOAP-MAKING

PARAMETERS IN SELECTING A
GRADE OF AN INGREDIENT IN
SOAP-MAKING

DETERGENTS

HISTORY OF DETERGENTS

HISTORY OF DETERGENTS

HISTORY OF DETERGENTS

RAW MATERIALS
Table 1. The ingredients of detergent base powder for solids
Solids
Ingredient

Function

Sodium tripolyphosphate (STP)

Water softener, pH buffer (o

reduce alkalinity)

Sodium sulphate

Bulking and free-flowing agent

Soap noodles

Causes rapid foam collapse

during raining

Zeolite

Water softener

Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose

Increases the negative charge on

cellulosic fibres causing them o
repel dirt particles (positively
charged)

RAW MATERIALS
Table 2. The ingredients of detergent base powder for
liquids
Liquids
Ingredient

Function

Linear alkylbenzene sulphonic

acid (LAS)

Surfactant the main active

ingredient

Caustic soda solution

Neutralizes the LAS

Coconut diethanolamide or a fatty

alcohol ethoxylate

Nonionic detergent and foam

former

Fluorescer

Absorbs UV light and emits blue

light

Water

Dissolves the various ingredients,

causing them to mix better

RAW MATERIALS
Table 3. Typical post dosing ingredients
Ingredient

Function

Soda ash (anhydrous Na2CO3)

Keeps the pH at 9.0-9.5 ensuring

optimum detergent function

Bleach (usually sodium perborate Bleaches stains without damaging

NaBO3)
colour-fast dyes. It breaks down
to high temperatures to release
H2O2
Bleach activator (ex.
tetraacetylethylenediamine)

Catalyzes NaBO3 breakdown at

low temperatures

Enzymes (ex. alkaline protease)

Alkaline protease breaks down to

proteins in the alkaline conditions
created by soda ash, helping to
remove stains

Colour and perfume

Creates a more aesthetically

pleasing product

FLOWCHART OF
CONTINUOUS PROCESS

MANUFACTURING PROCESS
1.
2.
3.
4.

Blender Process
Agglomeration Process
Slurry Method
For Liquid Detergent

MANUFACTURING PROCESS
BLENDER PROCESS
Also known as the Tumbler process or the
Dry-mixing process
Used by small-time companies
1. The ingredients needed are loaded either in a
tumbling blender or a ribbon blender to
facilitate efficient blending of components
2. The mixture is carried out into a conveyor belt
3. It is transported and dropped into boxes or
cartons for delivery to wholesalers.

MANUFACTURING PROCESS
AGGLOMERATION PROCESS
A continuous process which is usually applied by
large-scale detergent manufacturers
1. In an agglomerator, the dry ingredients needed in
the detergent making are first fed
2. Dry ingredients are blended, while allowing the
liquid ingredients to be sprayed onto the dry mix
using the nozzles fitted into the agglomerators wall
3. A drying belt collects the output of the agglomerator
device where materials become friable
4. Pulverizing of these materials is done and sizing
screens are further used apon pulverizing

MANUFACTURING PROCESS
SLURRY METHOD
1. Water is added to dissolve ingredients and
form slurry
2. Through the nozzles, the slurry is fed inside
the top portion of a cone-shaped container
while hot, dry air is simultaneously forced
into the bottom of the cone
3. Upon drying of the slurry, beads of dry
detergent settle at the bottom of the cone
where they can be readily collected for
packaging

MANUFACTURING PROCESS
LIQUID DETERGENTS
1. Mixing all the ingredients as well as
water and various chemicals known as
solubilizers
2. Solubilizers allows the detergent and
the water to blend evenly

MANUFACTURING PROCESS
PACKAGING
can be packaged into cartons, bottles,
pouches, bags or cans
considerations of certain attributes and
characteristics of the product such as
compatibility and stability, cost, package
safety, solid waste impact, shelf appeal and
ease of use are very important in selection
of the right pacjaging materials needed

PARAMETERS IN SELECTING A
GRADE OF AN INGREDIENT IN
DETERGENT-MAKING

PARAMETERS IN SELECTING A
GRADE OF AN INGREDIENT IN
DETERGENT-MAKING

REFERENCES

http://www.madehow.com/Volume-2/Soap.html#b#ixzz1nB
PZ5feD
The Enclyclopdia Britannica (15th ed.); Encyclopdia
Britannica, Inc.; 1979
Selinger, Ben; Chemistry calcin the Marketplace (3rd ed.);
Harcourt Brace Jovanovich; 1986
http://www.soapcalc.net/info/soapqualities.asp
http://www.fmcchemicals.com/division_alkalichemicals.asp
http://wiki.answers.com/Q/How_is_soap_different_from_de
tergent#ixzz1muLr468Z
http://www.care2.com/greenliving/10009.html#ixzz1muMK
B0y8