SONAR &

RADAR
Engr. Edelito A. Handig
UE-ECE FACULTY

SOund NAvigation and Ranging is

a system that rely for their

operation on the transmission and
reception of acoustic energy in
water to navigate or to detect
other watercraft.

History

In 1906, Lewis Nixon invented the very first sonar-

type listening device, as a way of detecting

icebergs.
Paul Langevin working with Chilowski invented the
first sonar-type device for detecting submarines in
1915.
By 1918, both the United States (SONAR) and
Britain (Allied Submarine Detection
Investigation Committee) had built active
systems.
In 1948, with the formation of NATO, standardization
of signals led to the dropping of ASDIC in favor of
SONAR.

SONAR
Major Kinds of SONAR
Passive Sonar listening without
transmitting.
Active Sonar creates a pulse of sound,
called ping, and then listens for
reflections of the pulse.
CW or Pulse system

SONAR
Type of sonar transducers:

1. Magnetostrictive are
ferromagnetic materials that are used
in depth measurement below 100KHz.
2. Electrostrictive these are
rochelle salt and quartz, used in speed
log for above 100 KHz

SONAR
Operating Frequency:
15-60KHz:
15-60KHz depth sounders in large
vessel.
200-400KHz:
200-400KHz depth sounders in
light craft
300KHz-1MHz:
300KHz-1MHz speed logs

Factors:
Attenuation, Frequency and
Beamwidth

Beamwidth
15 to 25 degrees

Factors:
Temperature and Velocity of
Wavelength = velocity / frequency
Sound
Vsound = 1500 m/sec
Vref = 1500 + 0.607(Temp. in C) in

m/sec

Depth Measurement

Depth = Vs x Time
2
M.D.I = Vs x Pulse Interval
2
Where:
Vs = 1,500 m/sec

Vs = 1500 + 0.607(Temp. in C)

SONAR
Discrimination,
D = Vs x L
Discrimination

Where Vs - 1500 m/sec

L - pulse duration

Sonobuoy
DIFAR/LOFAR

SURTASS

SOSUS
SOFAR channel

RADAR SYSTEM

Introduction

Radar is a system that uses

electromagnetic waves to identify the
range, altitude, direction, or speed of
both moving and fixed objects such
as aircraft, ships, vehicles, weather
formations, and terrain.

History
The use of radio waves to detect "the
presence of distant metallic objects
via radio waves" was first
implemented in 1904 by Christian
Hlsmeyer
Tesla, 1917, first established
principles regarding frequency and
power level for the first primitive
RADAR units.

History

Dr. Robert M. Page tested the first

monopulse radar in 1934.
Robert Watson-Watt in 1935, led to
the first real radars.
The term RADAR was coined in 1941
as an acronym for RAdio Detection
And Ranging.

Radar Frequency

In general, Radars operates at

1 GHz to 100 GHz.
The traditional band names
originated as code-names during
WWII and adopted in the United
States by the IEEE, and
internationally by the ITU.

Band

HF

Frequency

330 MHz

< 300 MHz

VHF

50330 MHz

UHF

Application

coastal radar systems, overthe-horizon (OTH) radars;

'P' for 'previous', applied
retrospectively to early radar
systems
very long range, ground
penetrating

very long range (e.g. ballistic

missile early warning), ground
3001000 MHz
penetrating, foliage
penetrating

Band

L
S

Frequency

Application

12 GHz

long range air traffic control

and surveillance; 'L' for 'long'

24 GHz

terminal air traffic control,

long range weather, marine
radar; 'S' for 'short'

48 GHz

812 GHz

Satellite transponders; a
compromise (hence 'C')
between X and S bands;
weather
missile guidance, marine
radar, weather, mediumresolution mapping and
ground surveillance; Named X
band because the frequency
was a secret during WW2.

Band

Ku

Ka

Frequency

Application

1218 GHz

high-resolution mapping,
satellite altimetry; just under
K band (hence 'u')

1827 GHz

from German kurz, meaning

'short'; used for detecting
clouds and for detecting
speeding motorists.

2740 GHz

mapping, short range, airport

surveillance; frequency just
above K band (hence 'a)

4060 GHz

Used for Military

communication.

Band

Frequency

5075 GHz

6090 GHz

75110 GHz

Application

Very strongly absorbed by

the atmosphere.

used as a visual sensor for

experimental autonomous
vehicles, high-resolution
meteorological observation,
and imaging.

Basic Ideas

Reflection
-conductive material is a good target
-resistive material is a good radar signal
absorber.
Polarization
- Circular: is used to minimize the
interference caused by rain.
- Linear: returns usually indicate metal
surfaces.
- Random: returns usually indicate a fractal
surface, such as rocks or soil.

Basic Radar Components

A radar system has different

components:
1. Transmitter
Klystron or Magnetron
2. Waveguide
3. Duplexer
4. Receiver
5. Electronic section
6. Link to end users

Types of Radar:
Types of Radar Data
Passive or Active
Presentation:
CW or Pulse
A-scan B-scan
Primary or Secondary
C-scan PPI
Track or Surveillance
2D or 3D

Pulse Radar System

Based on time of
propagation

Provides range &

direction of the target.

Basic Equations

Basic Equations

Average Power Output

Pave = Pp x Duty Cycle
Duty Cycle = L/T

Where: L is the pulse length/width

T is the pulse interval (1/PRR)
Pp is the peak pulse power

Problem

A radar transmitter operates with a

PRR of 900 and a pulse width of
1sec, if the average power output is
18 W, determine the peak pulse
power and the duty cycle.
Ans. Pp = 20 KW
Duty cycle = 0.09%

Basic Equations
R = C*t / 2
Rmin = C*L / 2
Rmax = C*T / 2
Where:

C is the speed of light

t is the round trip time of the signal

L is the pulse length/width
T is the pulse interval/repetition time

Problem

A radar transmitter operates with a

PRR of 900 and a pulse width of
1sec, determine the minimum &
maximum range of the system.
Ans. Rmin = 150 m
Rmax = 166.67 Km

Pulse Radar System

Range, R

Maximum Unambiguous Range

MUR = ( C x T ) / 2
where C = speed of light
T = pulse interval

Pulse Radar System

Power Density, watts/unit area
Pd = PoG/ 4R2
G = (4AoK)/2
Range, R
Po output power
G gain
R targets range
Ao effective area of Antenna
radar signal wavelength
K imperical factor

Pulse Radar System

Power intercepted, watts
Pi = Pd x S
Pi = PoGS
4R2
S target cross sectional area

Pulse Radar System

Power at the receiver
Pr = PiAo
4R2
Pr = PoGSAo
(4)2R4
If R is maximum, Pr is minimum

Pulse Radar System

Range resolution is the ability of a radar

system to distinguish between two or
more targets on the same bearing but at
different ranges.
Range resolution = pulse width x C
2

Pulse Radar System

Bearing, or azimuth, resolution is the ability

of a radar system to separate objects at the
same range but at different bearings.

Beam width = 70 d

CW Radar System

Based on Doppler Effect

Doppler frequency
Fd =( 2FtVr )/C
Provides speed &
direction of the target.
Blind Speed = PRF x n
2

THANK YOU.