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TEM Waves: field components are perpendicular to each other and both
are perpendicular to the direction of propagation.
For the low frequency; R, C and L are created by wires, plates and coils
respectively
Printed circuit board (PCB) layout has frequency dependent resistance and
inductance
Cond.
DC excitation
AC excitation
Skin effect
For high frequency condition(f500MHz)
Conductivity
Copper =64.516106S/m
Aluminum =40.0106S/m
Gold =48.544106S/m
Cond
AWG System
Diameter of the wire is determined by its
AWG value
General rule: the diameter of the wire is
doubles every six wire gauges starting
with 1mil for a AWG 50 wire
Displacement current
At high frequency, dielectric becomes lossy, there is a conduction current
flow
Cond
Loss tangent is defined by the angle between the capacitors impedance
vector and the negative reactive axis
Cond
Loss Tangent
Loss tangent can also be defined as the
ratio of an equivalent series resistance to
the capacitors reactance