Gearboxes and Jet

Engines in Nature

GROUP 2 - BIO20/A1
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- PA L E R O J R. , DA N T E M .
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-TA N A M O R , A L A I S A
-V E N C E R , KA R L D A N I E L C .

What are Gearboxes?

consists of gears that converts the rotational energy of the engine
to a rotational speed appropriate for the wheels.
allow you to change gears in the vehicle so that the motor is used
most efficiently
commonly used in vehicles, and turbines

How do Gears work?

Gears for Speed
Gears for Force

Natural Gearboxes

Jet Engines
an engine using jet propulsion for forward thrust, mainly
used for aircraft.
takes in air from one end and expels it from the other at a
much greater speed.

Jet Engines - Hans von Ohain

and Sir Frank Whittle
Dr. Hans von Ohain and Sir Frank Whittle are both recognized as
being the co-inventors of the jet engine.
Each worked separately and knew nothing of the other's work.

Parts of a Jet Engine

Jet Engines in Nature

100-Million-Year-Old Technology
Under the Sea
When a submarine fills its ballast tanks with water, the
ship becomes
heavier than water. Emptying the tank would resurface
the
submarine.
The
nautilus employs the same technique.
They produce a special gas transferring it
to its chambers expelling water to regulate
its buoyancy allowing it to surface or dive
when being chased.

Submergence
Submarines diving techniques resemble those
of fish, which are able to control their relative
density in order to rise or
dive in the water.
In their bodies, bony fish have a swim bladder
that gives them their buoyancy. Through
diffusion, they can change volume of air in the
bladder, the fishs density can be made equal to
that of the surrounding water at a given depth.

Living Things and

Flight technology

Living Things and Flight

technology
Airfoil
a structure with curved surfaces designed
used as the basic form of the wings, fins, and horizontal
stabilizer of most aircraft.

How do birds fly?

simplifies the dynamics of
flight
depicting Newtons second
law of motion (action-reaction).
In order for birds to fly, they
must, in simplest sense, be
aerofoils.

The characteristics birds have in

mastering flight include:
Their flapping wings
Upon down stroke the bird brings thrust (forward force), and lift (upward force)
upon up stroke.

The Bernoulli Effect

wherein faster airflow means lower air pressure and vice versa
The higher pressure on the underpart of the wing keeps the bird on air.

Aerodynamic body
streamlined body enables the birds to counteract drag
(backward force)
Drag --- produced in landing by flapping down the tail
feathers.

Air-pocketed bones
Pneumatic bones and more simplified anatomy than their
reptilian ancestors considerably make birds lighter thus
reducing their weight (downward force) and promoting lift.

Birds wing and Aircraft

wings

How does a plane fly?

Four forces of flight
Lift
an upward force that is created by the effect of the airflow
one of the key aerodynamic forces.

Thrust
a forward force which pushes the airplane through the air
varies with the amount of engine power being used
The air is pulled in the engine and then thrown out in the opposite direction
Household fan --- an easy example

Drag
opposite force
helps in reducing the speed of an aircraft
caused due to differences in air pressure.

Weight
as lift helps in flying the aircraft in the air, the weight acts in an opposite manner.
pushes the plane downward due to the gravitation force

Mini wing reduces the vortex

drag
Vortices
create a significant amount of drag on the aircraft
They create a turbulent and occasionally dangerous pressure wake

Aviation research studies have revealed that

when vultures fly, they open their quill feathers
the large feathers at the edge of the winglike
the fingers of a hand.

Wing Loading
A measurement that relates the mass of an aircraft or bird to
the total wing area.
The relationship between wing area and body weight is given in
kilograms per square meter (or grams per square centimeter).

To calculate wing loading, divide the mass of the

bird or plane by the total area of the upper
surface of its wings:
wing loading = body mass (kg)/wing area (m2)
Falcons
the fastest animals on earth
can tuck their wings in to reduce
drag.

B 1B Swing-wing Bomber
bomber that has adjustable wings
that can be swept back for high
speed
tight angle of the wings helps to
reduce drag, giving it supersonic
speed capability.

Albatross
has the longest wingspan of any bird
The long, narrow, pointed wings
coupled with low loading enable the
birds to glide effortlessly on up
draughts sometimes for months at a
time.

Glider

Gliders long, slim wings and low

wing loading maximizes lift --enabling the gliding action.

Hummingbird
have the ability to hover in one
place by rotating their wings.

Helicopter
has the ability to rotate its wings,
enabling it to hover in one place.

Godwit
Migratory birds
have high aspect ratio wings
equipped for long rages and
endurance at a relatively fast
speed.

Airbus
Airplanes with high aspect ratio
wings have long ranges and
endurance times at fast speeds.

King vulture
high aspect ratio wings --- allow to
spend hours in flight, soaring
slowly without flapping their wings.

Spy Plane
high aspect ratio wings --- allow it
to move slowly, not using much
energy

References:
BIOMIMETICS:Technology ImitatesNature by Harun Yahya
http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/bljetengine.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_engine
http://www.explainthatstuff.com/gears.htm
http://www.wisegeek.org/what-is-a-gearbox.htm