CITATION

WHAT IS PLAGIARISM?
Plagiarism is the act of using another
persons words or ideas without
acknowledging that person/s as your source.
It also occurs when you acknowledge the
other person, if your re-written version is
similar to the original.

WHAT IS PLAGIARISM?

When you borrow another persons words

or ideas by quoting, paraphrasing or
summarizing them, you must show the
source of the idea by putting certain
information in parenthesis immediately
after the material you have borrowed.

Source: Oshima & Hogue, 1999

Why is Plagiarism a serious offence?

Plagiarizing amounts to STEALING other
peoples words and ideas.
Plagiarizing leads to failure and expulsion
from university

How do you avoid plagiarism?

Make sure you give credit where it is due.

Give credit when you :
use words or ideas from a magazine, book, newspaper,
song, TV program, movie, Web page, computer program,
letter, advertisement or any other medium
gain information through interviewing or conversing with
another person - face to face, over the phone, or in writing
copy the exact words or a unique phrase
reprint any diagrams, illustrations, charts, pictures or other
visual materials
reuse or repost any electronically-available media,
including images, audio, video, or other media
(Quoted from The Owl at Purdue website)
http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/589/02/
5

How do you give credit correctly?

Direct method
Quotation

Indirect method
Paraphrasing, summarizing

Quotation
Quotation is copying word-for-word from a
published text, interview transcript, etc.
However, changing words or sentence
structure from the original source means it
is no longer a direct quote.

Opinions Supported by Statistics

Statistics are good supporting details.
Like quotations, the source of statistical
data must also be cited.

Documenting sources:

Refers to the practice of citing original

sources of information used in formal
reports, journal articles, books or any
documents that includes evidence from
published works.

Documenting sources:

Reasons:
a) readers can locate the original source
material and read it if they want.
b) the writer is not personally responsible
for every fact in the document.
c) to avoid charges of plagiarism.

10

Documenting sources:
Document information when:
- using direct quotation from another source
- paraphrasing information from another
source.
Do not document when:
- presenting generally known information
- readily available information from
dictionaries or encyclopedias.

11

Documentation System:
Frequently used in natural sciences, social
sciences and technical fields are:
- APA (America Psychological Association)
system.
- Number-reference system.

12

Conventions of the APA citation system:

If an authors name begins a sentence, place
the date of the work in parentheses
immediately after the documented
information.
If an author is not referred to directly in a
sentence, place both the authors last name
and the year of publication, separated by a
comma, in parentheses.

13

Conventions of the APA citation system:

If there are multiple authors, cite all the
names up to six. If there are more than six
authors, cite only the first author and follow
with et al.
If multiple authors are cited in parentheses,
separate names with commas, and use an
ampersand (&) between the last two names.

14

Conventions of the APA citation system:

If an author is referred to more than once in
a single paragraph, do not repeat the year in
parentheses as long as the second reference
clearly refers to the same author and date as
in the first reference.
If you are using a direct quotation, state the
page numbers immediately after the
quotation.

15

Conventions of the APA citation system:

If you are citing two works by the same
author, published in the same year,
distinguish them by a, b, c and so on:
- Lucas (1987a, 1987b) refers to.
If you are citing two works by the same
author, give the year of publication of both
works:
- Young (1979, 1984) disagree.

16

Conventions of the APA citation system:

If you are citing several works by different

authors in the same parentheses, list the
works alphabetically by first author:
- Several studies tested for side effects but
found no significant results (Bowman &
Johnson, 1990; Mullins, 1979; Roberts &
Allen, 1975; Townsend, 1988)

17

Conventions of the APA citation system:

Use last name only unless two authors have

the same surname; then include initials to
avoid confusion.
- W.S Caldwell (1993) and R.D Caldwell
(1988) reported varied effects .
- Heightened effects were noted (R.D.
Caldwell, 1988; W.S Caldwell, 1993).

18

Conventions of the APA citation system:

Use an ellipsis (three spaced periods) to

indicate omissions from direct quotations.
- Bagwell (1998) commented, This
handbook will not fulfill most needs of
statistician, but model formulas are
excellent. (p. 45)

19

Conventions of the APA citation system:

If the omission in a quotation comes at the

end of the sentence, use four periods to
close the quotation.
- According to Martin (1994), Researchers
should inquire further into effects of
repeated exposure . (p. 30)

20

Number-Reference System

Organised in two ways:

1. List the items alphabetically by last
name of author.
2. List the items in the order they are cited
in the text.

21

Conventions of the number-reference

system:
Page numbers are included in the
parentheses, separate from the reference
number by a colon.
Sentences may begin with Reference 6
states. However, for readability, rewrite
as often as possible to include the reference
later in the sentence.

22