Professional Documents
Culture Documents
ON
CONCRETE
Presented By
AYAZ MALIK
Course ID
CIVE 779- ADVANCED CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY
University of Alberta
http://www.twi.co.uk
PRESENTATION OUTLINE
References
Conclusions
H2CO3
HCL
CH3COOH
HNO3
H2SO4
Introduction
Objectives
QUESTIONS
OBJECTIVES
Study the effect of various acid attacks on
concrete
Understand the mechanism of each attack and the
response of concrete
Study few cases highlighting different types of
acid attacks studied
Compare the effects and mechanisms of different
acid attacks, where applicable.
INTRODUCTION
Concretes made of Portland cement (OPC) are highly
alkaline with pH values normally above 12.5 and are not
easily attacked by acidic solutions.
As the pH of the solution decreases the equilibrium in
the cement matrix is being disturbed, and the hydrated
cement compounds are essentially altered by hydrolytic
decomposition which leads to the severe degradation of
the technical properties of the material.
At pH values lower than 12.5 portlandite is the first
constituent starting dissolution.
ACID ATTACK
WEAK ACIDS
STRONG ACIDS
Acetic acid
Hydrochloric acid
Carbolic acid
Sulphuric acid
Carbonic acid
Sulphurous acid
Lactic acid
Nitric acid
Phosphoric acid
Hydroflouric acid
Tannic acid
Hydrobromic acid
STAGES OF ATTACK
pH Range
12.5 12
Effect
Calcium hydroxide and calcium aluminate
hydrate dissolve and ettringite is formed
CSH phase is subjected to cycles of
dissolution and re-precipitation
11.6 10.6
< 10.6
Gypsum is formed
Ettringite is no longer stable and
decomposes into aluminum hydroxide and
gypsum
< 8.8
(Reference 5)
(Reference 4)
out,
whereas
insoluble
salts
along
with
DWORSHAK NATIONAL
FISH HATCHERY
ACI 210.1R-94
Deterioration of concrete
surface of a tank carbonic
acid
Repaired area
identifying
the
H2CO3to
Ca(HCO3)2ratio
EXPERIMENTAL DETERMINATION OF
DEPTH OF CARBONATION
CONCLUSIONS
In the case of sulphuric acid attack, although the
formation of gypsum has been reported frequently,
there is no agreement on its consequences
Attack by Acetic acid resembles the process of
corrosion in nitric acid. However the growth of the
corroded layer in solutions of acetic acid is relatively
slower than that in the same concentrations of nitric
acid solution
The chemical composition of the corroded layer is
different from that in nitric acid solution of the same
concentration due to higher pH values of the acetic
acid solution
CONCLUSIONS
Though HNO3 is not as strong as H2SO4, its effect on
concrete at brief exposure is more destructive
Limited carbonation is found to be somewhat
beneficial but continued carbonation reduces
alkalinity of the cement paste which can be a serious
problem not only in de-passivation and corrosion of
steel bars but also in dissolution of cement hydrates
REFERENCES
Mark G. Richardson, Fundamentals of Durable Reinforced
Concrete, 2002
Ali Allahverdi and Frantisek skvara, Acidic corrosion of hydrated
cement based materials, 2000, Institute of chemical technology,
Department of glass and ceramics
Compendium of Case Histories on Repair of Erosion-Damaged
Concrete in Hydraulic Structures, ACI 210.1 R-94 (reapproved
1999)
Kolapo O. Olusola and Opeyemi Joshua, Effect of Nitric Acid
Concentration on the Compressive Strength of Laterized
Concrete, Vol. 2, No. 10, 2012
Emmanuel K. Attiogbe and Sami H. Rizkalla, Response of
concrete to sulphuric acid attack, 1989, ACI Material journal,
Title no. 85-M46