Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Advances
K. Giridhar
Associate Professor of Electrical Engineering
Telecom and Computer Networks (TeNeT) Group
IIT Madras, Chennai 600036
http://www.tenet.res.in
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Contents
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Power
Exponential
0.1 -1 m
(10-100 msecs)
Short-term Fading
Long-term Fading
10-100 m
(1-10 secs)
Distance
IEEE Symp./ IISc
-2001
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Multi-path Propagation
r(t) =
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Impulse
Response h(t)
3 - 0
3
time
Input
(Tx signal)
Output
(Rx signal)
channel
Frequency
Response H(f)
IEEE Symp./ IISc
-2001
freq.
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(in
vo
lts
Fading
D
Sp ela
rm rea y
5 s d
se =
cs
2.0 secs
Time 3.0
2.5 secs
sec
s
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Contents
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Direct Sequence Code Division Multiple Access (DSCDMA) became commercial only in the mid 90s
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Power
Freq.
Time-slots
Time
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Power
Freq.
Time
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Power
Freq.
Time-slots
Time
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Multi-Carrier TDMA
Bluetooth
CSMA/CA
DECT, PACS
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bits
Serial to
Parallel
IFFT
Pulse shaper
&
Linear
PA
DAC
add cyclic extension
fc
Complexity (cost) is transferred back from the digital to the analog dom
IEEE Symp./ IISc
-2001
IIT Madras
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Serial/
s[n,0]
d [n,0]
s[n,1]
d [n,1]
IFFT
Parallel
s[ n, N ]
d [ n, N ]
Add
Parallel/
Cyclic
Serial
Prefix
1
d [n, i ]
N
N 1
s[n, k ]e
j 2i
k
N
k 0
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OFDM Receiver
Serial/
Parallel
Remove
Cyclic
Prefix
r[n,0]
d ' [ n,0]
d ' [ n,1]
r[n,1] Parallel/
FFT
Serial
d ' [ n, N ]
r[ n, N ]
1
r[n, k ]
N
d '[n, i]e
j 2k
i 0
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Sync.
Sampler
FFT
fc
VCO
fine offset
P/S and
Detection
Error
Recovery
gross offset
Freq. Offset
Estimation
(of all tones sent in one OFDM symbol)
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OFDM Basics
1
f
To maintain orthogonality
Ts
where
= sub-carrier spacing
Ts = symbol duration
TS TCP
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Time
T
Base frequency = 1/T
T= symbol period
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where
w[n, k ]
H [ n, k ]
is additive noise
is channel frequency response
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Frequency Offset
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Timing Synchronisation
If cyclic prefix is larger than the rms delay spread, range of (equally good) timing
phases become available
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Traffic Slot
IFFT
PA
T secs
T/2
Preamble/Control Slot
IFFT
T secs
PA
zero tones
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t
self-symmetry can be
exploited for noncoherent timing recovery
26
rms delay
higher
bit-rates
would
imply
more
Inter-Symbol
Interference (ISI)
therefore, equalization complexity increases with bit rate
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CP
3.2secs
0.8secs
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Water-pouring (bit-loading)
Pre-equalisation or pre-distortion
Sectorisation in macro-cell
reduce delay spread
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OFDM
can
help
30
Sampler
DFT
P/S and
Detection
Error
Recovery
Freq.
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31
Symbol
Mapping
& S/P
IDFT
Add
CP
Tx
Mod.
Conventional
OFDM
Rx
Algos.
Remove
CP
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DFT
Frequency
Domain
Equaliser
Detection
& P/S
32
Symbol
Mapping
Add
CP
(of symbols)
Tx
Mod.
Tx -- low-complexity, TDMA
Rx -- implements SC-FDE;
Linear Equaliser or DFE
to permit FDE
Rx
Algos.
Remove
CP
DFT
Frequency
Domain
Equaliser
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IDFT
Detector
33
Symbol
Mapping
& S/P
IDFT
Add
CP
Rx
Algos.
Tx
Mod.
TDE + FDE
for OFDM
TimeDomain
Equaliser
Remove
CP
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DFT
Frequency
Domain
Equaliser
Detection
& P/S
34
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Traffic Slot 1
Traffic Slot 2
Traffic Slot 3
Control +
Training Slot
Training
Tones
(for channel
identification)
MAC message
(broadcast)
Phase
Correction
Tones
Traffic slots may contain a few equally spaced tones for phase correction (due
to residual freq. offset, phase noise, fading)
Control slot may also contain MAC messages
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(OFDMA)
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and
data
not
good
for
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Contents
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Impulse
Response h(t)
DS-CDMA can
exploit
time-diversity
time
Input
(Tx signal)
Output
(Rx signal)
channel
Frequency
Response H(f)
IEEE Symp./ IISc
-2001
44
CDMA
OFDM
Complexity is high in
Asynchronous WCDMA
Modest Complexity
Easy, decision-directed
Modest Complexity
techniques can be used(using dedicated correlator)
Analog Front-end
Very simple
(especially for CPM signals)
(AGC, PA, VCO, etc)
IEEE Symp./ IISc
-2001
Fairly Complex
(power control loop)
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Complexity or cost is
very high (PA back-off
is necessary)
45
Comparing Performance of
TDMA, DS-CDMA, & OFDM
Transceivers
TDMA
Fade Margin
(for mobile apps.)
Range
Re-use & Capacity
FEC Requirements
Variable Bit-rate
Support
Spectral Efficiency
IEEE Symp./ IISc
-2001
CDMA
OFDM
Modest requirement
(RAKE gain vs powercontrol problems)
Re-use planning is
crucial here
Modest
Modest
Poor to Low
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Very High
(& Higher Peak Bit-rates)
46
Contents
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Wideband-OFDM
(W-OFDM) of Wi-LAN
www.wi-lan.com
Flash OFDM
from Flarion
www.flarion.com
Vector OFDM
(V-OFDM) of Cisco, Iospan,etc.
www.iospan.com
-- MIMO Technology
-- non-LoS coverage,
mainly for fixed access
-- upto 20 Mbps in MMDS
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HiperLAN-2 in Europe
IEEE 802.11a, .11g
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128
128
Tg
Tb
CP 64 64 64 64
Tg
Tb
CP
128
Tg
128
Tb
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2-11 GHz
5 MHz
256
192
8
19.53125 KHz (5 MHz/256)
51.2 s (1 / f)
12.8 s (Tb / 4)
128 s (640 sub-carriers)
76.8s (384/5 MHz)
25.6 s (128/5 MHz)
64 s (320/5 MHZ)
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Hiperlink
(155Mbps, 17GHz
upto 150m)
HiperLan (1,2)
(19 or 54Mbps, 5GHz)
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IEEE 802.16
(10 to 66 GHz)
IEEE 802.16a,b
(2 to 11 GHz)
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Contents
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BPSK
BPSK
12
Coded bits
per OFDM
symbol
(NCBPS)
Data bits
per OFDM
symbol
(NDBPS)
1/2
48
24
3/4
48
36
QPSK
1/2
96
48
18
QPSK
3/4
96
72
24
16 QAM
1/2
192
96
36
16 QAM
3/4
192
144
48
64 QAM
2/3
288
192
54
64 QAM
3/4
288
216
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8s
P2
8s
MAC
Header
T1
T2
P1
GI 2
Data
Data
4s
Data
Pream
ble2
Data
4s
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Even if delay spread in 0.2 secs (for a 100m cell), we can use 9 of 10
replicas to recover timing; use less than 9 for higher fade rates
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k 79
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0.062
0.008
0.032
0.057
0.096
0.009
0.048
0.091
0.002
0.022
0.081
0
0
0.013
0.080
N=10
0.144
0.195
0.226
0.236
N=11
0.204
0.276
0.322
0.327
N=12
0.148
0.216
0.205
0.208
N=13
0.118
0.109
0.113
0.106
N=14
0.070
0.036
0.027
0.027
N=15
0.033
0.036
0.002
0.003
N=16
0.019
0.008
0
0
n>16 (outside the
0.017
0.003
0
0
acceptable range
Performance of timing recovery algorithm using 1st preamble
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0
0
0.013
0.083
0.231
0.313
0.228
0.103
0.026
0.003
0
0
Acceptable
Range
62
Auto-correlation Result
autocorrelation result
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
1
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4
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
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145
136
127
118
109
100
91
82
73
64
55
46
37
28
19
10
64
f = [E (( fest - fo )2 )] 1/2
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-1
10
-2
S.D
S.D
10
10
-2
10
300 Hz
300 Hz
30 Hz
30 Hz
-3
10
10
15
snr(db)
20
25
-3
10
MMSE Technique
IEEE Symp./ IISc
-2001
10
15
snr(db)
20
25
Self-Correlation
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2
1.5
1
0.5
0
-2
-1
-0.5
-1
-1.5
-2
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0.5
0
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0.5
1.5
-0.5
-1
-1.5
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10
15
-1
BERin db
-2
-3
-4
-5
Eb/n0 in db
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QPSK1/2
12Mbps
16QAM 1/2
24Mbps
64QAM2/3
48MBPS
BPSK1/2
6Mbps
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Contents
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OFDM
Spectral
Efficiency
Link
Space-Time Coding
Adaptatio
Transmit Diversity
n
Transmit Diversity
Smart Antennas
Receive Diversity
Power Control
Range
Multi-user Detection
Re-use
Efficiency
IEEE Symp./ IISc
-2001
DCS
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-d*(k+1), d(k)
Tx
r(k+1), r(k)
Rx
d*(k), d(k+1)
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Contents
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MIMO OFDM
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Courtesy:http://www.research.att.com/~justin/
IEEE Symp./ IISc
-2001
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Courtesy:http://www.research.att.com/~justin/
IEEE Symp./ IISc
-2001
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Contents
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Advantages of OFDM
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OFDM
79
Summary -- contd. 1
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Summary -- contd. 2
Thank You!
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