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CHAPTER 6

ELECTRONICS AND
NEUROMUSCULAR
APPLICATION IN
DISABILITY

CONTENT

INTRODUCTION
ELECTRONEURAL STIMULATION
METHODS OF ASSESSMENT
MYOELECTRIC PROTHESIS CONTROL
HEARING AIDS AND IMPLANTS
ENVIRONMENTAL ASSISTANCE
OTHER ELECTRONICS APPLICATION
IN REHABILITATION

INTRODUCTION
ASSESSMENT=?
REPLACEMENT=?
ENVIRONMENT=?

INTRODUCTIONcont
Disability Any restriction or lack (resulting
from an impairment) of ability to perform an
activity in the manner or within the range
considered normal for a human being.(United Nations
)

Physical disability
Sensory disability
Intellectual disability
Mental health and emotional disabilities
Developmental disability

Disabled person=?
Electronic in disabilities=?

NEUROMUSCULAR
Neuromuscular
Neuromuscular disease are those
that affect the muscles and/or their
nervous control.
Some examples of these disorders
include Parkinson, stroke and
multiple sclerosis.

ELECTRONEURAL
STIMULATION
Electroneural Stimulation (ES) has
been used for more than 100 years in
the laboratory and in the clinical setting.
Purpose ;
ES is designed to offer the patient a type of
therapy that can increase circulation by
means of the pumping action of muscles
upon the vessels, while at the same time,
produce mild heating with all of the benefits
accrued from increased temperatures within
the tissues.

ELECTRONEURAL STIMU

ELECTRODES
An electrode is an electrical conductor
used to make contact with a nonmetallic
part of a circuit (e.g. a semiconductor, an
electrolyte or a vacuum).
The interface of metallic ions in solutions
with their associated metals gives an
electrical potential which is called the
electrode potential.
Electrodes used for the measurement of
bioelectric potential are known as
Biopotential Electrodes.

ELECTRONEURAL STIMU

BIOPOTENTIAL ELECTRODES
Biopotential Electrodes have
metalelectrolyte interface.
Types of Biopotential Electrodes;
Microelectrodes.
Body Surface electrodes.
Needle electrodes.

ELECTRONEURAL STIMU

MICROELECTRODES
M.E have tips small enough to penetrate a
single cell and as such readings from within
single cell can be obtained.
Used to measure potential difference across
cell membrane.
Characteristic;
Small enough to be placed into cell.
Strong enough to penetrate cell membrane.
Typical tip diameter:0.05-10 microns.

M.E are two types;


Metal
Micropipette

ELECTRONEURAL STIMU

MICROELECTRODEScont
Metal microelectrodes are constructed by
electrolytically etching the tip of a fine tungsten
or stainless steel wire to the desired size.
Subsequently the wire is coated almost to the
tip with insulating material.
The micropipette type electrode is actually a
glass micropipette with the tip of the desired
size.
Micropipette is filled with an electrolyte suitable
with cellular fluids.

Microelectrode with metal film on glass

Glass inside metal

Metal inside glass

Micropipette

ELECTRONEURAL STIMU

BODY SURFACE ELECTRODE


These are used to get bioelectric
potentials from surface of the body and
are available in different sizes and forms.
Larger electrodes are generally used
in ECG and smaller electrodes are
suitable in EEG and EMG measurement.
Types of body surface electrode;
Metal plate electrodes
Suction electrodes
Floating electrodes

ELECTRONEURAL STIMU

METAL PLATE ELECTRODES


The basic metal plate electrode consists
of a metallic conductor in contact with the
skin with a thin layer of an electrolyte gel
between the metal and the skin to establish
this contact.
Metal commonly used include silver, gold
and platinum.
Used primarily for diagnostic recordings of
biopotential such as ECG or EMG.
Metal disk electrode with a gold surface
used for EEG recordings.

ELECTRONEURAL STIMU

SUCTION ELECTRODE
It is used to record precordial (chest)
lead of ECG, since it can be placed at a
particular location and then quickly
moved to the next location.
It consists of a hollow, metallic,
cylindrical electrode, that makes
contact with the skin at its base and a
rubber suction applied against the skin
holds the electrode assembly in place.

ELECTRONEURAL STIMU

FLOATING ELECTRODE
The principle feature is that the actual
metal disk is recessed in a cavity so that it
does not make direct contact with the skin.
The electrical contact is established through
the electrolyte paste filled in the cavity.
The assembly is fixed to the prepared
location on the skin with a double sided,
adhesive tape ring.
The cavity does not move with respect to
the metal disk and thus does not produce
any mechanical movement of the double
layer of charger.

Metal Plate Electrode

Suction Electrode

Floating Electrode

Metal Disk Electrode

ELECTRONEURAL STIMU

NEEDLE ELECTRODE
For measure biopotentials from within the body the
electrode or lead wire penetrates the skin, or they
may be implanted internally and connected to an
implanted electronic circuit.
Usually made of stainless steel.
Needle electrodes are used for acute
measurements as they are uncomfortable for long
term implantation such as EEG measurement.
Needle electrodes are less susceptible to
movement of artifacts than surface electrodes.
The direct contact with the tissue or the
intercellular fluids, needle electrodes have lower
impedances than surface electrodes of comparable
interface area.

Needle and Wire Electrodes

METHODS OF ASSESSMENT

GAIT ANALYSIS
AUDIOMETRY
ELECTRORETINOGRAPH

METHODS OF ASSESS

GAIT ANALYSIS
Gait analysis is the systematic study of human
walking.
It depends on observations made by experts,
together with detailed measurement of body
movement, mechanics and muscle activity.
In individual with condition affecting their ability
to walk, such as cerebral palsy, gait analysis
may be used to make detailed diagnoses and to
plan optimal treatment.
The observation gait begins with a general
assessment, noting symmetry and smoothness
of movement of the various body parts.

METHODS OF ASSESS

GAIT ANALYSIScont
Gait Analysis is sometimes used when
evaluating gait or walking problems.
These problems can come from injuries,
surgeries, hereditary problems & diseases.
Examples are: Diabetes & neurological
problems.
We can therefore design shoes, orthotics
or braces to help you walk better with less
pain

Gait cycle

Visualize a patient-specific model


through the gait cycle from any

METHODS OF ASSESS

AUDIOMETRY
An audiometer is a machine used for
evaluating hearing loss.
Audiometry is the testing of hearing ability.
Audiometric tests determine a subjects
hearing levels with the help of an audiometer,
but also measure ability to discriminate between
different sound intensities, recognize pitch or
distinguish speech from background noise.
It is consists of an embedded hardware unit
connected to a pair of headphones and a
feedback button, sometimes controlled by a
standard PC.

Audiometry Screening

Pure tone audiometry

METHODS OF ASSESS

ELECTRORETINOGRAPH
Electroretinograph measures the electrical
responses of various cell types in the retina,
including the photoreceptor, inner retinal cells and
the ganglion cells.
Electrodes are usually placed on the cornea and the
skin near the eye.
During a recording, the patients eyes are exposed
to standardized stimuli.
The electrodes measure the electrical activity of
the retina in response to light.
The information that comes from each electrode is
transmitted to a monitor.
The ERG is used for the diagnosis of various retinal
diseases.

A patient undergoing an electroretinogram

MYOELECTRIC PROSTHESIS
CONTROL
A myoelectric prosthesis uses small
electric motors to power movement of
the terminal device.
Major disadvantages of myoelectric
devices include their extremely high
cost, considerable weight and need for
frequent adjustment and repairs.
The myoelectric hand uses a rubber
cosmetic cover glove that is easily torn
or stained and is expensive to replace.

MYOELECTRIC PROSTHESIS C

MYOELECTRIC PROSTHESIS
CONTROLcont

Myoelectric control is used to operate electric


motor-driven hands, wrist, and elbows.
Surface electrodes embedded in the prosthesis
socket make contact with the skin and detect and
amplify muscle action potentials from voluntarily
contracting muscle in the residual limb.
The amplified electrical signal turns on an electric
motor to provide a function (e.g., terminal device
operation, wrist rotation, elbow flexion).
The newest electronic control systems perform
multiple functions, and allow for sequential
operation of elbow motion, wrist rotation and hand
motions.

MYOELECTRIC PROSTHESIS C

TYPES OF PROSTHESIS

Cosmetic prosthetics.

Body-powered prosthetics.

light and cheap


a very limited degree of movement
only passively grip light objects
designed for patients who wish to use their remaining limbs for all of the major
functions

allows muscles relative to the area to control the prosthetic arm through cables
allow for more degrees of freedom
allows the patient to physically feel the force
only control one movement at a time
quickly cause fatigue in the user

Myoelectric externally powered prosthesis.


picks up the electrical action potential in the residual muscles in the amputated
limb
amplifies the signal using a rechargeable 6-volt battery
uses the electric signals to power the motors operating the respective part of
the arm
allows for a much higher degree of freedom
does not require the patient to performed frequent strenuous muscle
contractions
heavier than the conventional types and come at a much higher cost
the most advanced and effective commercially available upper-limb prosthesis

HEARING AIDS AND


IMPLANTS
A hearing aid is an electronic device that
receives sound, amplifies it, and transmits
this stronger sound down to the ear canal into
the ear.
Sound may reach the inner ear without a
hearing aid, but without enough amplification
the impulses reaching the brain may be weak.
With a hearing aid, sound is amplified to make
the weak signal more audible.
The primary function of a hearing aid is to
compensate for the loss sensitivity of the
impaired ear.

HEARING AIDS AND IMP

MAIN PARTS OF HEARING


AID

A microphone to convert sound to electricity.


An amplifier to increase the strength of
electrical signal.
A loudspeaker @ receiver to turn electricity
back into sound.
A battery to provide the power needed by
the amplifier.
The microphone picks up the sound and sends
it to the amplifier, which makes the sound
louder and sends it to the receiver, which sends
the amplified sound into the ear canal.

HEARING AIDS AND IMP

TYPES OF HEARING AID


BODY AID
The largest type (60 x 40 x 15 mm)
Worn somewhere on the body : in a pocket, in a
pouch around the neck, or on the belt.
Connected via a cable containing two or three
wires, to a receiver from which the amplified sound
emerges.
Receiver plugs into an ear mold custom made for
the individuals ear canal and concha.

BEHIND THE EAR (BTE)


Two piece hearing aids.
Microphones, electronics and receiver are mounted
in the banana shaped case.
Sound is conveyed via a tube to a custom earmold.

HEARING AIDS AND IMP

TYPES OF HEARING AID


cont
IN THE EAR
Half concha (Half Shell)
Fills only the lower half of the concha.

Full concha (Full Shell)


Fill the entire concha as well as about half the
length of the ear canal.

IN THE CANAL
Completely In the Canal
Fit entirely within the ear canal.
Use components small enough that none of the
hearing aid need protrude into the concha.

HEARING AIDS AND IMP

TYPES OF HEARING AID


cont
EYEGLASS AID

These are a combination of spectacles


and one or two hearing aid.

ENVIRONMENTAL
ASSISTANCE
The term Environmental Control
(EC) is used to describe equipment
that assists people with limited
physical abilities access devices and
equipment in their environment.
The purpose of EC equipment is to
provide a technical bridge which
gives users independent and
spontaneous control of devices.

ENVIRONMENTAL
ASSISTANCE

GUIDANCE SYSTEM FOR VISUALLY HANDICAPP


CANE SYSTEM
ARTIFICIAL SPEECH

ENVIRONMENTAL ASSIS

GUIDANCE SYSTEM FOR VISUALLY


HANDICAPPED

The Simplicity Series is a voice and switch


activated Environmental Control Unit (ECU) with
voice output. Through a series of simple verbal
commands, or by using any compatible ability
switch, a user can control his/her environment.

ENVIRONMENTAL ASSIS

CANE SYSTEM
The blind people have been using
sticks to locate the ways.
With the advancement of science
and technology, the facilities for the
mobility for the visually impaired
persons have increased.
Cane is most important source of
mobility.

The cane is able to detect


electronic navigational aid
tags and help the blind
avoid obstacles and reach
their destinations.

ENVIRONMENTAL ASSIS

ARTIFICIAL SPEECH

Stephen Hawking
is one of the
most famous
people using
speech synthesis
to communicate

Speech synthesis is the


artificial production of
human speech. A
computer system used
for this purpose is called
a speech synthesizer,
and can be implemented
in software or hardware.

ENVIRONMENTAL ASSIS

ARTIFICIAL SPEECHcont
Block Diagram of Natural Speech
Energy Source
(air from lung)

Voiced Sound
(vocal field)

Filter
(nose & mouth)

Sound output
(mouth)

Unvoiced sound
(turbulence)

Block Diagram of Artificial Speech

Energy Source
(battery)

Voiced Sound
(impulse generator)

Unvoiced sound
(white noise generator)

Filter
(band pass)

Sound output
(loudspeaker)

OTHER ELECTRONICS
APPLICATION IN
REHABILITATION

Cochlea Implant

Augmented hand grasp neuropro

OTHER ELECTRONICS APPLICATION IN


REHABILITATION

Eye-Gaze Computer Access


It allows the user to place the mouse
pointer anywhere on the screen
simply by looking at the desired
location. "Clicking" can be done with
an eye blink, or by staring

REFERENCES
Physical Therapy Aide: a worktext,
Roberta C Weiss.
The Biomedical Engineering Handbook,
Joseph D. Bronzino.
Bio Medical Electronics, O.N. Pandey
and Rakesh Kumar.
Gait Analysis: an introduction Vol.1,
Michael Whittle.
Hearing Aids, Harvey Dillon

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