Professional Documents
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ELECTRONICS AND
NEUROMUSCULAR
APPLICATION IN
DISABILITY
CONTENT
INTRODUCTION
ELECTRONEURAL STIMULATION
METHODS OF ASSESSMENT
MYOELECTRIC PROTHESIS CONTROL
HEARING AIDS AND IMPLANTS
ENVIRONMENTAL ASSISTANCE
OTHER ELECTRONICS APPLICATION
IN REHABILITATION
INTRODUCTION
ASSESSMENT=?
REPLACEMENT=?
ENVIRONMENT=?
INTRODUCTIONcont
Disability Any restriction or lack (resulting
from an impairment) of ability to perform an
activity in the manner or within the range
considered normal for a human being.(United Nations
)
Physical disability
Sensory disability
Intellectual disability
Mental health and emotional disabilities
Developmental disability
Disabled person=?
Electronic in disabilities=?
NEUROMUSCULAR
Neuromuscular
Neuromuscular disease are those
that affect the muscles and/or their
nervous control.
Some examples of these disorders
include Parkinson, stroke and
multiple sclerosis.
ELECTRONEURAL
STIMULATION
Electroneural Stimulation (ES) has
been used for more than 100 years in
the laboratory and in the clinical setting.
Purpose ;
ES is designed to offer the patient a type of
therapy that can increase circulation by
means of the pumping action of muscles
upon the vessels, while at the same time,
produce mild heating with all of the benefits
accrued from increased temperatures within
the tissues.
ELECTRONEURAL STIMU
ELECTRODES
An electrode is an electrical conductor
used to make contact with a nonmetallic
part of a circuit (e.g. a semiconductor, an
electrolyte or a vacuum).
The interface of metallic ions in solutions
with their associated metals gives an
electrical potential which is called the
electrode potential.
Electrodes used for the measurement of
bioelectric potential are known as
Biopotential Electrodes.
ELECTRONEURAL STIMU
BIOPOTENTIAL ELECTRODES
Biopotential Electrodes have
metalelectrolyte interface.
Types of Biopotential Electrodes;
Microelectrodes.
Body Surface electrodes.
Needle electrodes.
ELECTRONEURAL STIMU
MICROELECTRODES
M.E have tips small enough to penetrate a
single cell and as such readings from within
single cell can be obtained.
Used to measure potential difference across
cell membrane.
Characteristic;
Small enough to be placed into cell.
Strong enough to penetrate cell membrane.
Typical tip diameter:0.05-10 microns.
ELECTRONEURAL STIMU
MICROELECTRODEScont
Metal microelectrodes are constructed by
electrolytically etching the tip of a fine tungsten
or stainless steel wire to the desired size.
Subsequently the wire is coated almost to the
tip with insulating material.
The micropipette type electrode is actually a
glass micropipette with the tip of the desired
size.
Micropipette is filled with an electrolyte suitable
with cellular fluids.
Micropipette
ELECTRONEURAL STIMU
ELECTRONEURAL STIMU
ELECTRONEURAL STIMU
SUCTION ELECTRODE
It is used to record precordial (chest)
lead of ECG, since it can be placed at a
particular location and then quickly
moved to the next location.
It consists of a hollow, metallic,
cylindrical electrode, that makes
contact with the skin at its base and a
rubber suction applied against the skin
holds the electrode assembly in place.
ELECTRONEURAL STIMU
FLOATING ELECTRODE
The principle feature is that the actual
metal disk is recessed in a cavity so that it
does not make direct contact with the skin.
The electrical contact is established through
the electrolyte paste filled in the cavity.
The assembly is fixed to the prepared
location on the skin with a double sided,
adhesive tape ring.
The cavity does not move with respect to
the metal disk and thus does not produce
any mechanical movement of the double
layer of charger.
Suction Electrode
Floating Electrode
ELECTRONEURAL STIMU
NEEDLE ELECTRODE
For measure biopotentials from within the body the
electrode or lead wire penetrates the skin, or they
may be implanted internally and connected to an
implanted electronic circuit.
Usually made of stainless steel.
Needle electrodes are used for acute
measurements as they are uncomfortable for long
term implantation such as EEG measurement.
Needle electrodes are less susceptible to
movement of artifacts than surface electrodes.
The direct contact with the tissue or the
intercellular fluids, needle electrodes have lower
impedances than surface electrodes of comparable
interface area.
METHODS OF ASSESSMENT
GAIT ANALYSIS
AUDIOMETRY
ELECTRORETINOGRAPH
METHODS OF ASSESS
GAIT ANALYSIS
Gait analysis is the systematic study of human
walking.
It depends on observations made by experts,
together with detailed measurement of body
movement, mechanics and muscle activity.
In individual with condition affecting their ability
to walk, such as cerebral palsy, gait analysis
may be used to make detailed diagnoses and to
plan optimal treatment.
The observation gait begins with a general
assessment, noting symmetry and smoothness
of movement of the various body parts.
METHODS OF ASSESS
GAIT ANALYSIScont
Gait Analysis is sometimes used when
evaluating gait or walking problems.
These problems can come from injuries,
surgeries, hereditary problems & diseases.
Examples are: Diabetes & neurological
problems.
We can therefore design shoes, orthotics
or braces to help you walk better with less
pain
Gait cycle
METHODS OF ASSESS
AUDIOMETRY
An audiometer is a machine used for
evaluating hearing loss.
Audiometry is the testing of hearing ability.
Audiometric tests determine a subjects
hearing levels with the help of an audiometer,
but also measure ability to discriminate between
different sound intensities, recognize pitch or
distinguish speech from background noise.
It is consists of an embedded hardware unit
connected to a pair of headphones and a
feedback button, sometimes controlled by a
standard PC.
Audiometry Screening
METHODS OF ASSESS
ELECTRORETINOGRAPH
Electroretinograph measures the electrical
responses of various cell types in the retina,
including the photoreceptor, inner retinal cells and
the ganglion cells.
Electrodes are usually placed on the cornea and the
skin near the eye.
During a recording, the patients eyes are exposed
to standardized stimuli.
The electrodes measure the electrical activity of
the retina in response to light.
The information that comes from each electrode is
transmitted to a monitor.
The ERG is used for the diagnosis of various retinal
diseases.
MYOELECTRIC PROSTHESIS
CONTROL
A myoelectric prosthesis uses small
electric motors to power movement of
the terminal device.
Major disadvantages of myoelectric
devices include their extremely high
cost, considerable weight and need for
frequent adjustment and repairs.
The myoelectric hand uses a rubber
cosmetic cover glove that is easily torn
or stained and is expensive to replace.
MYOELECTRIC PROSTHESIS C
MYOELECTRIC PROSTHESIS
CONTROLcont
MYOELECTRIC PROSTHESIS C
TYPES OF PROSTHESIS
Cosmetic prosthetics.
Body-powered prosthetics.
allows muscles relative to the area to control the prosthetic arm through cables
allow for more degrees of freedom
allows the patient to physically feel the force
only control one movement at a time
quickly cause fatigue in the user
IN THE CANAL
Completely In the Canal
Fit entirely within the ear canal.
Use components small enough that none of the
hearing aid need protrude into the concha.
ENVIRONMENTAL
ASSISTANCE
The term Environmental Control
(EC) is used to describe equipment
that assists people with limited
physical abilities access devices and
equipment in their environment.
The purpose of EC equipment is to
provide a technical bridge which
gives users independent and
spontaneous control of devices.
ENVIRONMENTAL
ASSISTANCE
ENVIRONMENTAL ASSIS
ENVIRONMENTAL ASSIS
CANE SYSTEM
The blind people have been using
sticks to locate the ways.
With the advancement of science
and technology, the facilities for the
mobility for the visually impaired
persons have increased.
Cane is most important source of
mobility.
ENVIRONMENTAL ASSIS
ARTIFICIAL SPEECH
Stephen Hawking
is one of the
most famous
people using
speech synthesis
to communicate
ENVIRONMENTAL ASSIS
ARTIFICIAL SPEECHcont
Block Diagram of Natural Speech
Energy Source
(air from lung)
Voiced Sound
(vocal field)
Filter
(nose & mouth)
Sound output
(mouth)
Unvoiced sound
(turbulence)
Energy Source
(battery)
Voiced Sound
(impulse generator)
Unvoiced sound
(white noise generator)
Filter
(band pass)
Sound output
(loudspeaker)
OTHER ELECTRONICS
APPLICATION IN
REHABILITATION
Cochlea Implant
REFERENCES
Physical Therapy Aide: a worktext,
Roberta C Weiss.
The Biomedical Engineering Handbook,
Joseph D. Bronzino.
Bio Medical Electronics, O.N. Pandey
and Rakesh Kumar.
Gait Analysis: an introduction Vol.1,
Michael Whittle.
Hearing Aids, Harvey Dillon