TUTORIAL WEEK

4
GENDER
DISPARITIES
BY: AURDIE SABRINA
MUNIRAH BT
JAMALUDDIN
NURAMALINA BT
ZAINAL ABIDIN

DEFINITION
Disparity can be defined as lack of
evenness or social disparity.
It can also be defined as treating
individuals unequally on the basis of their
gender.
It occurs from different socially assigned
gender roles. (Inequality, 2012)
The distinct roles and behaviour may give
rise to gender inequalities

DISCRIMINATION
Discrimination is due to gender roles assigned by the
society to specific genders
Example: women are not good in the tasks which
demands physical strength
For example: Armed forces, body building,
weight lifting, and also which
requires mental calculations such
as
mathematics, business and
engineering etc.

TYPES OF
DISCRIMINATION
Discrimination at work place
- Horizontal segregation
- Vertical segregation
- Glass ceiling
- Statistical discrimination
Discrimination at home
- Gender roles in parenting and
marriage

DISCRIMINATION AT
WORK PLACE
Discrimination is also present at work places, where equally
qualified and skilled group of workers are paid more than the
other group.
Women are considered not much skillful and competent person.
So when they are hired to any occupation people started to
dislike it.
Men hesitate to enter in female dominated jobs, so they dont
like women to enter in male dominated jobs. (Goldin, 2002)

Horizontal segregation

Occupational gender segregation occurs because

men and women are thought to have different
physical, emotional, and mental strengths.
These strengths make them different from each other.
Because of that manual work is given to males and
non manual tasks are given to females. (Meulders,
Plasman, Rigo, & ODorchai, 2010)

Vertical segregation

This segregation occurs because jobs which are considered to be

prestigious, powerful, authoritative and offering high income are given to
men where as women are excluded from holding such jobs. (Meulders,
Plasman, Rigo, & ODorchai, 2010)

Since 1960s women are entering in different occupations in large

numbers because of that each is associated with femininity or
masculinity.

Certain jobs have become more inclined towards or against either

gender.

Occupations like teaching, nursing, and librarians have become femaledominated and jobs such as architects, electrical engineers, and airplane
pilots are male dominant.

GLASS CEILING
A possible contributor of gender wage gap is Glass
ceiling effect.
This effect suggests that it is difficult for women to
achieve a higher position or ranking in different
corporations and organizations because men are
preferred to have those positions.
The term glass ceiling implies those unseen barriers
which exist in the society and with hold women from
advancing.

 These glass ceiling effects are more in higher

powered or higher income occupations,
where very few women are holding these
kinds of occupations.
This also indicates the limited chances of
women for becoming a successful person.
Because of these reasons inequality of the
glass ceiling is increasing day by day. (Lewis,
2012)

Statistical discrimination

This discrimination is also present in the

workplaces.
Statistical discrimination indicates that employers
like to hire men more than women because
females are more likely than males to leave their
jobs when they become married or pregnant.
So they are assigned with jobs which have low
mobility.

The first woman who became a President

1. Sirimavo Bandaranaike (Ceylon)

- 21 July 1960-27 March 1960 (4 years 249 days)
2. Eugenia Charles (Republic of Dominique)
- 21 July 1980- 14 June 1995 (14 years 328 days)
3. Anneli Jaatteenmaki (Finland)
- 17 April 2003 24 June 2003 (68 days)

Top 10 Worlds
Billionaires
1. Bill Gates (81.4 bilion)
2. Carlos Slim Helu & family (74 billion)
3. Warren Buffett (73.2 billion)
4. Amancio Ortega (62.8 billion)
5. Larry Ellison (54.6 billion)
6. Christy Walton & family (42.5 billion)
7. Jim Walton (41.6 billion)
8. Charles Koch (41.3 billion)
9. David Koch (41.3 billion)
10. Alice Walton (40.2 billion)

Discrimination At
home

GENDER ROLES IN PARENTING AND MARRIAGE

Attempts in equalizing household work

Women are usually associated with house hold so they are
expected to quit their jobs and look after their family. While
men do the work (job).
However, there are some women who choose to do work as
well as to take care of their gender role for example cleaning
the house and taking care of the family.
Women are considered as primary care givers to their family
even if they are doing a job.
Studies show that working women give an 18 extra hours a
week to do her household or childcare related activities. On
the other hand men give only an average of 12 minutes a day
in childcare chores. (Ellen G. Friedman, 2004)

RECOMMENDATIONS/SUGGESTIONS

Educating women equally as men.

We should include women in the mainstream of the society that is
we should not isolate her from the society.
Employment should be increased for women.
Women should actively participate in politics and social activities.
We should arrange programs which condemn violence against
women and promote social protection programs.
Parents should not discriminate among their sons and daughters.
We should aware parents in this regard.
We should aware people to stop child abuse and violence.
Activities like abortions should be stopped.
Politicians should do something about the development of Social
welfare for women.
Educating women about technology.
Women rights should be given to them.
Giving those good positions and pays who work well, without any
gender bias