Chapter 1

Database
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Database Systems:
Design, Implementation, and Management

CHAPTER 1
Database Systems
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Chapter Objectives

Chapter 1
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Data management problems associated

with a file system
Advantages of using a database over a file
system
Functions of a database management
system

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File Terminologies
Table 1.2 Basic File Terminology

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A File System Example

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File System Critique

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File System Data Management

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File systems require extensive programming in 3GL.

As file systems become more complex, managing
files gets more difficult.
Security features are difficult to implement and are
lacking.
Changing requirements mandate changes in existing
file structures.
Programs accessing a file are subject to change
when the file structure changes - More maintenance.

File System Critique

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Structural and Data Dependence

Structural Dependence
A change in any files structure requires the modification of
all programs using that file.
Example:

Data Dependence
A change in any files data characteristics requires
changes of all data access programs.
Example:

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Logical Vs. physical view of data

Structural and data dependence make file systems
very difficult to manage - High Maintenance.
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File System Critique

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Data Redundancy:
The same information is stored in more than one place.
Example:

Problems due to uncontrolled data redundancy

Data Inconsistency (lack of data integrity)

Data anomalies

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Example:

Modification anomalies (Inconsistent data due to

modifications). Example:
Insertion anomalies (Inconsistent data due to insertions)
Example:
Deletion anomalies (Inconsistent data due to deletions)
Example:
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Example- Data Redundancy

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Example- Data Redundancy

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Chapter 1
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Eliminating Redundant Data

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Database Systems

Chapter 1
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Database
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Rob &
Coronel

The database represents a change in the way end

user data are stored, accessed, and managed.
Logically related data are stored in a single data
repository called a database.
The database contains end-user data and metadata.
A DBMS is a collection of programs that manages
the database structure and controls access to the
data stored in the database.
DBMS makes it easier to eliminate most of the file
systems data inconsistency, data anomalies, and
data and structural dependence problems.
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Database Systems

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Database Systems

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Database Systems

Chapter 1
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The Database System Components

Hardware

Computer
Peripherals

Software

Operating systems software

DBMS software
Applications programs and utilities software

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Database Systems

Chapter 1
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The Database System Components

People

Procedures

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Systems administrators:
Database administrators
Database designers
Systems analysts and programmers
End users
Instructions and rules that govern the design and use of the
database system

Data

Collection of facts stored in the database

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Database Systems

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Types of Databases

Number of Users

Single-user
Multi-user

Scope

Desktop (Single user)

Workgroup (Used by a department, nbr of users < 50)
Enterprise (Used by the entire organization, users in 100s)

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Database Systems

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Types of Databases

Location

Centralized (Database located in a single site)

Distributed (Database distributed across multiple sites)

Use

Transactional (aka Production)

Data warehouse

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Supports a companys day-to-day operations

Data integrity and operational efficiency are important

Stores historical, aggregated data

Used for managerial decision making strategic and tactical

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DBMS Functions

Data Dictionary Management

Data dictionary stores definitions of the data elements and

their relationships (metadata).
It removes structural and data dependency from the
system.

Data Storage Management

DBMS creates data storage structure and relieves the

programmer from the task of defining and programming
physical data characteristics.

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Database Systems

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DBMS Functions

Data Transformation and Presentation

DBMS transforms data from its logical format to its

physical format and vice versa.

Security Management

DBMS provides user security and data privacy within the

database.
Data security is especially important in multi-user
databases.

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Database Systems

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DBMS Functions

Multi-User Access Control

Backup and Recovery Management

DBMS provides backup and recovery procedures to ensure

data safety and integrity.

Data Integrity Management

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DBMS ensures that multiple users can access the database

concurrently and still guarantees the integrity of the
database.

DBMS promotes and enforces integrity rules to eliminate

data integrity problems.
Ensuring data integrity is especially important in
transaction-oriented database systems.
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DBMS Functions

Database Access Languages & Application

Programming Interfaces

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The DBMSs non procedural query language simplifies

data access
Data Definition Language (DDL) is used to define the
database structure
Data Manipulation Language (DML) is used for accessing
and manipulating data
DBMS also provides interfaces to application programs
written in procedural languages such as COBOL, C etc.

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DBMS Functions

Database Communication Interfaces

DBMS provides communication interfaces so that the

database can be accessed through a network

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