Professional Documents
Culture Documents
By
Geetanjali Sharma
Devendra Singh
Amit Kumar Jha
1.Ultrasonic Testing
2. Eddy Current
3. Magnetic Particle
4. Dye Penetration
5. Radiography
UT Testing
This testing is used for finding surface,
sub surface, internal defects in welding,
castings, plate & forgings etc. It can also
be used for tubes. It is more useful to find
out planar defects.
It can also detect exact depth of the
defect.
Basic Principle
1. By Introducing short pulse of sound using
a transducer into a job and receiving the
echo from the defect or back wall then by
finding out the time of journey the defect
location can be determined.
Distance = Velocity X Time
Probe
Work piece
Principle of time of flight measurement : S=vt/2
Flaw
Plate testing
IP
BE
D
plate
D1
delamination
IP = Initial pulse
T=D/V
T1=D1/V
T>T1,Since D>D1
F = Flaw
BE = Backwall echo
10
Ultrasonic Instrument
10
Ultrasonic Instrument
+
Uh
10
Ultrasonic Instrument
+
Uh
10
Ultrasonic Instrument
+
Uv
Uh
10
IP
screen
BE
horizontal
sweep
clock
pulser
probe
work piece
Pulse
The ball starts to oscillate as soon as it is pushed
Oscillation
Time
Frequency
Time
From the duration of one
oscillation T the frequency f
(number of oscillations per
second) is calculated: f=1/T
One full
oscillation
T
Sound propagation
Longitudinal
wave
Direction of
oscillation
Direction of propagation
Sound propagation
Transverse wave
Direction of oscillation
Direction of propagation
Plate Waves
Types of Probes
1.Normal Probe
A piezoelectric element
in the transducer
converts electrical
energy into mechanical
vibrations (sound), and
vice versa.
The transducer is
capable of both
transmitting and
receiving sound
energy.
2.Angle Probe
Technicques of UT
1.Pulse Echo Method: In pulse-echo testing, a
transducer sends out a pulse of energy and the
same or a second transducer listens for reflected
energy (an echo).
Reflections occur due to the presence of
discontinuities and the surfaces of the test
article.
The amount of reflected sound energy is
displayed versus time, which provides the
inspector information about the size and the
location of features that reflect the sound.
Digital display
showing signal
generated from
sound reflecting
off back surface.
Digital display
showing the presence
of a reflector midway
through material, with
lower amplitude back
surface reflector.
The pulse-echo technique allows testing when access to only one
side of the material is possible, and it allows the location of
reflectors to be precisely determined.
Crystal
Accoustical axis
Angle of divergence
6
D0
Near field
Far field
Calibration of UT Machines.
Range Calibration:-A block of known thickness
and material is used for calibrating x axis
(time/depth).
Sensitivity Calibration:-A block of similar material
having standards shape & size reflectors are
used for calibrating Y axis (amplitude/size).
IIW V1 Block
1
1
T
1
1
10
Digital display
showing loss of
received signal
due to presence
of a discontinuity
in the sound field.
S1=25mm
S2=50mm
Block Factor-25+50=75mm
1st echo-25mm
IInd echo-25+BF(75)=100mm
IIW V2 Block
Snells Law
Spectrum of sound
Frequency range
Hz
Description
Example
0 - 20
Infrasound
Earth quake
20 20,000
> 20,000
Audible
sound
Ultrasound
Speech, music
Bat, Quartz
crystal
Atomic structures
gas
low density
weak bonding
forces
liquid
solid
Distance travelled
From this we derive:
c=/T or c= f
Wave equation
Wave propagation
Longitudinal waves propagate in all kind of materials.
Transverse waves only propagate in solid bodies.
Due to the different type of oscillation, transverse
waves
travel at lower speeds.
Sound velocity mainly depends on the density and Emodulus of the material.
Air
Water
Steel, long
Steel, trans
330 m/s
1480 m/s
5920 m/s
3250 m/s
Behaviour at an interface
Medium 1
Medium 2
Incoming wave
Transmitted wave
Reflected wave
Interface
s
s
Corrosion
10
2
0
Flaw
10
Ultrasonic Probes
socket
crystal
Damping
TR-probe
IP
screen
BE
horizontal
sweep
clock
pulser
probe
work piece
Weld inspection
a = s sin
a' = a - x
s
0
20
d' = s cos
40
60
80 100
d = 2T - t'
a
a'
= probe angle
s = sound path
a = surface distance
a = reduced surface distance
d = virtual depth
d = actual depth
T = material thickness
Lack of fusion
Direct contact,
Through transmission
Fixed delay
Immersion testing
Immersion testing
1
surface =
sound entry
water delay
backwall
flaw
IP
IE
IP
BE
10
IE
F
0
BE
10