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Nature of Light
Course Overview
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electricity
The
nature of light
Course Overview
9 10
Mechanics
Measurement
Motion
Forces
Energy
and Power
Measurement
Measurement
Units
Experimental
Errors
Materials
Fluid
flow
Strength of materials
1.01
SI Units
Measurement
Measurement
SI Units
The SI or international system of
units is founded on sevenSI base
units.
Base Quantity
Unit name
Unit symbol
Length
Meter
Mass
Kilogram
kg
Time
Second
Electric current
Ampere
Temperature
Kelvin
Amount of
substance
Mole
mol
Luminosity
Candela
cd
Derived Units
Measurement
For example:
Force is measured in newtons which is a
derived unit.
An equation for force is F
And so,
newtons
= ma
= kgms-2
5 min
Measurement
Unit name
Unit
symbol
Base
units
Measurement
Unit name
Unit
symbol
Base
units
Frequency
hertz
Hz
s-1
Power
watt
kgm2s-2
Energy
joule
kg ms-2
Force
newton
kgms-2
Charge
coulombs
As
Resistance
ohms
kgm2s-3A-2
Pressure
pascals
Pa
Kgm-1s-2
Measurement
5min
Measurement
Large numbers:
x103
kilo
x106
mega
x109
giga
x1012 =
tera
Measurement
Small numbers:
x10-3 =
milli
x10-6 =
micro
x10-9 =
nano
x10-12 =
pico
3 min
Measurement
a) 60 mm
=
b) 300 m
=
c) 40 MJ
=
d) 0.2 GN
=
e) 200 ns
=
3 x 10-4 m
4 x 107 J
2 x 108 N
2 x 10-7 s
3 min
Measurement
a) 5 x 10-8 m = 46 km
b) 4.6 x 104 m = 530 ns
c) 5.3 x 10-7 s = 25.5 MJ
d) 2.55 x 107 J = 90 mA
e) 9 x10-2 A =
Real calculations
Measurement
Measurement
Measurement
t=d=
27000
= 9.09x10-5 s
v
0.99 x 3x108
Real calculations
Measurement
Measurement
Measurement
Real calculations
Measurement
Halleys Comet
Measurement
Measurement
Interstellar
medium
cork
Density
11020
240
Material
Density
Iron
7,870
Copper
8,940
Ice
916.7
Silver
10,500
Water
1,000
11,340
Magnesium
1,740
Lead
Inner Core of the
Earth
Silicon
2,330
Mercury
13,546
Aluminium
2,700
Gold
19,320
Diamond
3,500
19,840
Titanium
4,540
Plutonium
The core of the
Sun
The Earth
5,515
Black hole
13,000
150,000
41017
Vmin = 7.35x1011 m3
Measurement
Vmax = 1.32x1012 m3
max = mmax = 1.7x1015
kg/m3
Vmin
1.32x1012
min = mmin = 2.2x1014
kg/m3
Vmax
7.35x1011
= 1288
= 299
Measurement
Measurement
1.02
Experimental Errors
All pupils will be able to:
Select appropriate measurement
instruments.
Make use of good practical techniques, for
example avoiding parallax error.
Most pupils will be able to:
Define the terms precision and accuracy.
Calculate % difference in a measurement.
Some pupils will be able to:
Analyse data graphically by referring to the
equation of a straight line graph.
The Pendulum
Measurement
Precision of measurements
Measurement
length
Measurement
Time for 5
oscillations 1 (s)
Period, T(s)
Conclusion.
Measurement
Using Graphs
Measurement
Therefore,
T 2 = 4 2 l
g
Measurement
Motion
Motion
1.03
Motion
Motion
In experimental measurement
it is important that results are
both reliable and valid.
Reliable
Motion
If a number of repeated
measurements are similar with no
anomalies they are said to be
reliable.
Motion
Valid
Validity is a general term and covers the entire
experimental set up. If results obtained are valid
they meet all of the requirements of the scientific
research method.
Has only one variable been changed and all
others carefully controlled? Are precisions of
instruments appropriate for the measurements?
Could any noted relationships be caused by other
factors?
Method 1 - Traditional
Distance = _______ m
Time taken (s)
1
Ave
Uncertainty
Average
speed
(m/s)
Final speed
(m/s)
Acceleration
(m/s2)
Remember:
Distance = _______ m
Time taken (s)
1
Ave
Uncertainty
%
Uncertain
ty
Averag
e
speed
(m/s)
Final
speed
(m/s)
Acceleratio
n (m/s2)
Calculating Uncertainty
Motion
Motion
1.04
Graphs of Motion
Motion
Motion
time
Stationary
time
Constant speed
Distance
Distance
Distance
Distance
time
Accelerating
time
Decelerating
Stationary
Speed
Speed
Speed
Speed
time
time
Constant speed
time
Accelerating
time
Decelerating
Stationary
Acceleration
Acceleration
Acceleration
Acceleration
time
time
Constant speed
time
time
Accelerating
Decelerating
Matrix Graph
Motion
Incident
(A)
(B)
(C)
Car
Twin
moves
shoots at
onto
car
motorwa
y
Speed(m/
s)
Time on
stop
watch
Incident
Time in
seconds
20
Gold car
turns
over
20
(D)
(F)
20
(E)
25
(H)
(I)
Agent
jumps
onto car
30
30
(J)
(K)
0
(G)
0
Agent
pulls off
top of car
Speed(m/s)
Trinity
Tyre on car
slams on
burst
the brakes
35
25
Car gets
slammed
into wall
Car stops
20
Time on
stop watch
Time in
seconds
Motion
Matrix Graph
1.
2.
3.
4.
Motion
1.04
Motion
Motion
Scalar
Vector
Speed
Velocity
Distance
Displacement
Time
Acceleration
Mass
Force
Energy
Weight
!
e
s
e
h
t
n
r
Lea
Motion
end
velocity
Positive
direction
+
0
negative
direction
-
time
Sketch
a velocity / time
graph for a ball thrown
upwards and returning to
your hand.
Motion
Now
draw an
acceleration/ time graph
for the motion. Consider
what is causing the
Start
acceleration of the ball.
end
velocity
Positive
direction
+
0
negative
direction
-
time
acceleration
Positive
direction
+
0
time
negative
direction
-9.81
-
Motion
t/s
3.
A ball is dropped from rest and bounces several times, losing kinetic
energy at each bounce. Sketch a velocity /time graph to represent
this
Motion
motion.
Answers
1
.
Motion
V / ms-1
30
10
0
t/s
v / ms-2
2
.
t/s
Motion
a / ms-2
5
0
-0.5
-10
3 4
10
t/s
3
.
v / ms-1
Motion
t/s
0.5
1.0
t /s
-5
V / ms-1
7
0.7
6.9
1.39
t /s
1.06
Acceleration
Motion
launch
In each case
what happens
to their
acceleration
and why?
Motion
Think
Acceleration
Motion
Motion
Remember F=ma
Therefore acceleration changes if
unbalanced force or mass
thrust
changes.
thrust
drag
drag + weight
Dragster:
As the velocity of a dragster car
increases the air resistance will increase.
This reduces the unbalanced force and
the acceleration of the car will decrease.
Motion
Space shuttle:
As the space shuttle takes off it uses up fuel
which reduces its mass and weight. As it rises
the air becomes less dense which reduces air
resistance and the force of gravity is reduced
which reduces its weight. Therefore the
acceleration of the space shuttle will increase.
time
Motion
velocity
velocity
velocity
Uniform
acceleration
time
Increasing
acceleration
time
Decreasing
acceleration
1.
2.
Answers
Motion
Motion
n
o
i
t
a
r
e
l
Acce
re
e
h
t
t
Ge
!
faster
1.07
Equations of Motion
Motion
Motion
You have
just used
the first
equation of
motion
100 km =
100000
3600
= 27.8 m/s
Motion
Equation 1
Motion
s = ut + at2
Equation 2
Motion
and
displacement = v t
s = (v + u) t Equation3
therefore 2
Motion
v2 = u2 +2as
Equation 4
no s
Motion
no v
no a
no t
Examples
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Answers
Motion
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
280 m
51.2 m
19.8 m
16.7 s
(a)(i) height = 21.3 m
(ii) 15.6 m downwards
(b) 34.6 m
Challenge
Motion
Motion
Motion
1.08
Measuring g in Freefall
Motion
Motion
Motion
Method
Results
s
(m)
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
t1
(s)
t2
(s)
t3
(s)
Draw
How
Motion
What
How
Go for the A!
Can
Motion
What
Now
1.09
Introducing Projectiles
Motion
on me
to
play..
..
I mea
n
expe
rimen
t
Introducing Projectiles
pupils will be able to:
Describe the trajectory of a projectile.
Describe the horizontal and vertical motions of projectile
motion.
Give examples of projectiles.
Complete straight forward calculations involving projectiles
using equations of motion.
Motion
All
Most
Motion
Motion
Also Projectiles
Vertical Time
animation here
Horizontally:
Vertically:
No
Resultant
resultant
force
a=0
Constant velocity
force
due to gravity
a= 9.81 ms-2
down
Example
1. A ball is thrown horizontally from the top of a
vertical cliff. The cliff is 50m high and the ball
lands
60m from the bottom of the cliff.
(a) How long does it take for the ball to reach
the bottom of the cliff?
Motion
Vertically:
50 m
s= 50 m
u= 0
v= /
a= 9.81 m/s
t= ?
60 m
Motion
Motion
s= 50 m
u= 0
v= ?
a= 9.81
m/s
t= /
Motion
Answers
2. (a) 78.5 m
(b) 39.2 m
(c) 20 m/s
3. 0.64 s
4. (a) 3.03 s
(b) 48.5 m
Answers
5. (a) 7.82 s
(b) 1955 m
(c) The plane will be directly above the box at
the
time of impact as they both continue to
travel at a constant speed of 250 m/s.
6. (a) 15.7 m/s
(b) This is assuming a constant horizontal speed
i.e. no unbalance force horizontally. This may
not be the case due to air resistance and wind.
Answers
Post it!
o
t
d
e
ne
r
e
b
m
e
m
e
r
h
t
i
w
p
l
e
If you need help with
h
d
e
ne
anything stick your
note to the notice on
the wall.
Motion
1.10
More on Projectiles
All pupils will be able to:
Calculate the horizontal and vertical components of a
velocity vector for a projectile at an angle to the
horizontal.
Calculate the resultant velocity of a projectile from its
horizontal and vertical components.
Motion
Vh
Motion
Remember:
Vh
Vv
SOH-CAH-TOA
Vh = V cos
Vv = V sin
!
e
s
e
h
t
n
r
a
Le
Example:
A shell is fired from a cannon at
50m/s at an angle of 600 to the
horizontal. Find the horizontal and
vertical components of its velocity.
Motion
Answer:
vh = 25 m/s
vv= 43.3 m/s
2. Adding vectors
You can you the parallelogram
method you used at IGCSE or...
Vh
Motion
Vv
2. Adding vectors
You can you the parallelogram
method you used at IGCSE or...
Vh
Motion
Vv
direction?
Vh
Motion
Vv
Again:
SOH-CAH-TOA
Example
A golf ball comes to land on the green with a
vertical velocity of 4 m/s and a horizontal
velocity of 3 m/s. Calculate its resultant
velocity.
Motion
0
=36.9
1.
2.
3. In a science demonstration
mentos are dropped into
bottles of coke. The bottles
are all placed at a 500 angle
to the horizontal. The
coke leaves the bottles at 5m/s.
Calculate:
(a) The horizontal and vertical components.
(b) Calculate the maximum horizontal
distance
travelled by the coke.
Motion
Answers
1. (a) 20m/s
(b) 20.4m
(c) 4.08s
(d) 141m
2. (a) 8s
(b) 379m
3. (a) vh=3.21m/s vv=3.83m/s
(b) 2.5m
Real Projectiles
Motion
Motion
Forces
Forces
Newtons
1st Law
Centre of Mass
Newtons 2nd Law
Force Vectors
Gravity
Newtons 3rd Law
It is Rocket Science
1.11
Forces
Forces
Forces
Forces
Free-body Diagrams
An object it taken in isolation and the forces acting on
it are shown using arrows.
The object is represented by a box or a circle.
The arrows start on the object and point away from it.
length of the arrow represents the magnitude of
the force.
Forces
The
Forces
Car
Name
A book at
rest
on a desk
A car
decelerating to
the right.
A girl
hanging
motionless
on a rope.
A skydiver
descending at
constant speed.
A punch bag
supported by
2 ropes as
shown.
A skier
accelerating
down a slope.
Forces
1.12
Forces
Centre of Mass
All pupils will be able to:
State the definition of centre of gravity.
Describe a method to find the centre of gravity
of an extended body.
Successfully carry out experiment to find the
centre of gravity of an extended body.
Forces
Centre of Mass
The centre of mass or centre of
gravity is defined as the point from
which the weight of a body acts i.e.
the point at which the entire mass of
the body is assumed to be
concentrated.
Use
hanging masses to
balance the broom from
another position as shown.
Note
Mass
X
of
broom
Distance
Mass
from pivot to X of
hanging
hangi
masses
ng
mass
es
Forces
Forces
Describe
any difficulties.
Suggest sources of error.
Suggest any improvements that
could be made.
Give percentage error in the value
of mass.
Forces
1.13
Forces
Constant mass:
F/N
m / kg
0.01
0.01
0.01
Forces
0.01
0.01
0.01
Remember W=mg
a / ms-2
F/a
Forces
Forces
Calculations:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
1.14
Force Vectors
Forces
Force Vectors
Forces
All
Forces
Fx
= 4 cos 350
= 3.3 N
FR = 3.3-1
Forces
= 2.3 N
F = ma
a = 2.3
1.2
= 1.9 m/s2
Forces
other ride at the water park has a slope down a slope into a water pool.
Forces
(a) Calculate
Answers:
Forces
3. (a) 220N
(b) 40.5N
(c) 0.67N
(d) 8.2m/s2
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Forces
Answers:
4(a)1962N (b) 2262N (c) 1962N (d)
1662N
5(a)(i)2452.5N (ii) 2452.5N (iii) 2952.5N (iv)
1952.5N
(b) 4.19m/s2 (c) If the lift was not fully
loaded.
6. (a) 8m/s (b) 16N
7. (a) 2m/s (b) 40N (c) 20N (d) 12N
8. (a) 3.27 m/s2 (b)6.54N
9. (a) 225.5N (b) 0.376m/s2
10(a) 9.81N
Mark Scheme
1.15
Gravity
Forces
All
Forces
Gravitational force
Forces
N/kg
Sinc
e
g=a
ms-2
then
,
Forces
Galileo
Newton You must understand
Einstein everything you have written
and be able to speak about
it.
1.16
Forces
Forces
Forces
Forces
(a)(i)
(ii)
Forces
1.17
It is Rocket Science
All pupils will be able to:
Identify the forces acting on examples of rockets.
State how Newtons laws of motion apply to
rockets.
Forces
Describe
Balloon Rocket
Bottle Rocket
Forces
Forces
Energy
Energy Problems
Investigating Power
Calculating Power
Applications of Mechanics
1.18
Practical Energy
All pupils will be able to:
Recall the different forms of energy.
Describe energy transfers for real life
examples.
Recall relationships for kinetic energy,
gravitational potential energy and work done.
What is Energy?
Energy is defined as the capacity of a
physical system to performwork.
Energy exists in several different forms.
Conservation of Energy
Energy can not be created or
destroyed. It can only be
transferred from one form to
another.
Can you match the energy
transfers of the objects in the card
sort?
EK =
EP =
More Work
1.19
Quick Quiz
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
More work
In physics we say mechanical work is done
when a force acts on something and
makes it move.
No motion - no
work.
Simple as that.
This poor guy
doesnt know it
but he is doing no
mechanical work!
Applied force
Direction of motion
W=
F.s
x displacement
Example:
A woman pushes a lawn mover with a force of 120
N at an angle of 480 to the ground. If she travels
7m across the grass, how much work has she
done?
Force in the direction of motion = F cos 480
FH = 120 cos 480
= 80.3 N
W = F.s
= 80.3 x 7
= 562N
Cautious or Confident?
eets
h
s
i on
t
s
e
o qu
t
s
ure
t
c
i
p
i nk
l
r
e
Hyp
1.20
Investigating Power
All pupils will be able to:
State the relationship for power.
Calculate their own power.
Power
watts
(W)
Work done
Therefore:
Work done
Time
taken
= Force x distance
Power
time
Power
= Force x distance
= Force x velocity
P = F.v
1.21
1.
2.
Power Calculations
3.
4.
5.
6.
1.22
Efficiency
No machine is 100% efficient.
How can this be true considering
the law of conservation of energy?
Can you remember
how to calculate
efficiency?
1.24
1.25
Applications of Mechanics
This is your chance to showcase what you
have learned so far. Consider the topic areas:
Motion