Chapter 8

Magnetism and Magnetic Circuits

The Nature of a Magnetic Field

Magnetic field
Force field

Magnetic flux
Flux lines (lines of
force)
Show direction and
intensity of the field

The Nature of a Magnetic Field

(contd.)
Unlike poles attract
Like poles repel

Ferromagnetic Materials
Magnetic materials
Materials attracted by
magnets
Iron, nickel, cobalt, and
their alloys
Provide an easy path for
magnetic flux

Ferromagnetic Materials
(contd.)
Nonmagnetic materials
Have no effect on a magnetic field

 Application: loudspeaker

Figure 12-4

Electromagnetism
Right hand rule for a uniform length
conductor
Used to indicate field direction
Place right hand around conductor
Thumb points in direction of current
Fingers point in direction of the field

Electromagnetism (contd.)
Rule for coils
Curl fingers of right hand around coil in
direction of the current
Thumb will point in direction of the field

Magnetic Flux and Flux Density

Weber
Unit of flux

Tesla
Unit of flux density

Equation 12-1

Magnetic Flux and Flux Density

(contd.)
Example:
For the magnetic core
shown, the flux density at
cross section 1 is B1 = 0.4T
Determine B2

Magnetic Flux and Flux Density

(contd.)

Magnetic Circuits
Found in motors, generators, speakers,
transformers
Magnetic fields can be created by electric
currents
Or electric currents and permanent magnets
Example: speaker application in Figure 12-4

Magnetic Circuits (contd.)

Figure 12-10 Audio speaker, conceptual representation

Magnetic Circuits (contd.)

Magnetic stripe containing information
Used in bank ATM cards, library cards, etc.
Magnetic patterns encode information
Reader sees varying magnetic field
Induces a voltage in the pickup winding
Voltage is amplified and sent to decoding circuitry

MRI machine uses superconductor coils

Create intense magnetic field

Magnetic Circuits (contd.)

Air Gaps, Fringing, and

Laminated Cores
Most practical magnetic circuits:
Have air gaps essential to their operation

Fringing occurs at air gaps

Results in slight weakening of the field in the
gap
Can be neglected for short gaps
Or estimate the effect by increasing each crosssectional dimension of the core by gap length

Air Gaps, Fringing, and

Laminated Cores (contd.)
Lamination
Core is created with thin sheets of stacked
iron or steel

Stacking factor
Ratio of actual area of ferrous material to
physical area of the core
Use to determine cores effective area

Series Elements and Parallel

Elements

Series magnetic circuit

Series Elements and Parallel

Elements (contd.)

Parallel elements

Magnetic Circuits with DC

Excitation
Two basic problems
Determine current required to produce a given
flux
Compute flux produced by a given current

MMF: The Source

Magnetic Flux
Current through a coil creates magnetic
flux
The greater the current or number of turns,
the greater the flux

Magnetomotive force (mmf)

Measured in ampere-turns
Denoted by the symbol

of

MMF: The Source

of Magnetic Flux (contd.)
Equation defining mmf
Equation 12-2

Reluctance : Opposition to
Magnetic Flux
Opposition that circuit presents to flux
Equation 12-3

Where =material permeability

Reluctance : Opposition to
Magnetic Flux (contd.)
Permeability measures ease of
establishing magnetic flux in a material
Ferromagnetic materials have high
permeability
Nonmagnetic materials have low permeability

Ohms Law for Magnetic Circuits

Flux does not flow like current

Equation 12-4

Magnetic Field Intensity and

Magnetization Curves
Magnetic field intensity, H
Also called magnetizing force
Measures mmf per unit length of a circuit
Equation 12-5
Equation 12-6

Magnetic Field Intensity and

Magnetization Curves (contd.)
Electric circuit analogy
NI is an mmf source
Hl is an mmf drop

The Relationship Between B

and H
Equation 12-7

For air gaps:

Equation 12-9

B-H Curves
Curves
obtained
experimentally
Available in
handbooks

Force Due to an Electromagnet

Electromagnets
Used in relays, doorbells, lifting magnets
Equation 12-13

Where Bg is the flux density in the gap in teslas

Ag is gap area in square meters
F is force in Newtons

Properties of Magnetic Materials

Magnetizing a Specimen

Magnetizing a Specimen
(contd.)

Saturation

All domain fields line up

Cannot magnetize it much further

Measuring Magnetic Fields

Hall effect
Voltage proportional to field strength B

Measuring Magnetic Fields

Hall effect
The Hall effect is the production of a voltage
difference (the Hall voltage) across an
electrical conductor when the current flows
through the conductor in a magnetic field.

Measuring Magnetic Fields

(contd.)
Hall effect gaussmeters use this principle

Thank you