Milestones in Architecture:

Milestones in Architecture:
Modern, High-Tech and Postmodern
East Asian, South Asian and Spanish

Islamic
Gothic and Gothic Revival
Classical and Classical Revival.

POST MODERN
Postmodern architects felt that buildings in the

Modern style had been stripped of their

symbolic character.
In a desire to create striking and individual
buildings, they ignored many traditional rules
of architecture, such as the principles of
proportion and scale. They used modern
construction techniques but also stylistic
elements from many different periods and
styles. Some came from historical or local
architecture, others from popular culture.
Clash of scales Thin facades Classical
references Storm Water Pumping Station

At&t Building

HIGHTECH
High-Tech is the name given to a particular

strand of modern architecture that developed

from the 1970s onwards. As the name
suggests, it is a highly engineered and
technological style. Its character is expressed
through
industrial
and
factory-made
materials and components.
In the hands of skilled architects, High-Tech
buildings are individual and dramatic. The
style lends itself to public buildings,
corporate offices and transport facilities
worldwide.
Exposed structure Glass Tension structures
Hong Kong and Shanghai Bank

hong kong and shanghai

bank

MODERN
The Modern Movement spread internationally

from central Europe after the First World War.

Modernists rejected historical styles in favour
of clean lines and simple forms. Architects
thought of buildings as machines and
designed them to be efficient.
They gave them flat roofs and used
industrially produced materials like sheet
glass, steel and reinforced concrete. Colours,
decoration and shapes were reduced to a
minimum. Inside, rooms were well lit but
often clinically bare.

EAST-ASIAN
East Asian Architecture in East Asia is

based
on
simple,
timber-frame
construction. This framework supports
pitched roofs, using crossbeams placed one
on top of the other in diminishing order of
size. The size and choice of site show the
status of important buildings like temples
and palaces.
Buildings extend laterally in a series of
courtyards. Ornament is often concentrated
on the roof, using carved woodwork, paint,
lacquer and brilliantly glazed tiles.

Yomei-mon Shogun
Tokugawa Ieyasu
Mausoleum Nikko,Japan

SOUTH-ASIAN
South Asian With its climatic and cultural

diversity, South Asia has developed great

regional variety in its building traditions.
During the long history of its civilization,
particular structures have evolved to suit the
needs of its religions, including Buddhism and
Hinduism.
The region has also successfully synthesized
foreign architectural traditions with its own,
as seen in the Mughal style. This fused
Islamic building types and elements imported
from Iran and Central Asia with Indian
features.

Temple of Adinatha
Ranakpur, Rajasthan,
India

SPANISH-ISLAMIC
The Islamic world has many architectural

traditions. In the Muslim cities of Spain and

Morocco, masonry walls and arcades
support pitched roofs. Rooms range around
internal courtyards, with arcades to provide
shade. Mosques have arcaded halls and
courtyards and are distinguished by
minaret towers.
Status is shown by a building's size and
rich ornamentation. Interiors are often
entirely covered with decoration, especially
carved and painted stucco and glazed tiles.

Court of the Lions,

Alhambra Palace Granada,
Spain

GOTHIC-REVIVAL
The Gothic Revival began in England in

the 1730s, in a mood of nostalgia for the

past. By the 1840s it had become a style
with moral values linked to an upsurge in
Christian belief. It was also thought
suitable for modern structures like
railway stations and hotels, even though
they were often built of iron and brick. At
the same time, glass painters revived the
medieval techniques of stained glass.

Palace of Westminster
London

GOTHIC
The Gothic style began in the great

medieval cathedrals of France in the

1140s and lasted until about 1500.
Gothic churches were triumphs of
engineering in stone. Their style was
based on the pointed arch and rib vault.
These elements spread the physical load
of the high walls, which were often
shored up on the outside with elaborate
buttresses. Their interiors were lit by
large areas of stained glass.

Salisbury Cathedral
Salisbury, England

CLASSICAL
The classical style emerged in Greece

about 2600 years ago. It used columns

and capitals to support beams called
entablatures. These were combined in a
design system called the orders, with each
element carefully proportioned using
mathematics.
The Greeks used three distinct types of
order: Doric, Ionic and Corinthian. The
Romans added two more: Tuscan and
Composite. The Romans also exploited the
use of the arch, vault and dome.

The Parthenon Athens

CLASSICAL-REVIVAL
A vigorous revival of ancient classical

forms began in Italy in the 1420s. They

became the basis of most western
architecture over the next 400 years. At
first, the borrowed forms were Roman,
but from the 1760s Greek models were
used to create the revitalized style.
This revived classical style was thought
to have strength and dignity. It was
specially favored for buildings of
authority.

The Tempietto Rome