NOUN CLAUSE

her man to

Keep in your mind!

Noun: is used as a subject or object.
Example: His story is interesting.
I know her house.
Noun clause: is used as a subject or
object. In other words, a non clause
is used in the same ways as a noun.
Example: What he said is
interesting.
I know where she lives.

Words to introduce NC
Question words:
- who - whom
- what - which
- when - where
- why - how
- whose
Whether/If
That

Noun Clause with Question

Words

Where does she

live?
What did he
say? lives
Who

I dont know where she

lives.
I couldnt hear what he
said.
No body knows who lives

there?
Who
is at the

there.
I wonder who is at the

door?
Who is she?

door.
I dont know who she

Who are those

is.
I dont know who those girls

girls?
Whose house is

are.
I wonder whose house that

that?
What did he

is.
What he said

say?

surprised me.

Question Words followed by Infinitive

I dont know what I should do.
= I dont know what to do.
She cant decide whether she should go or
stay home.
= She cant decide whether to go or (to) stay
home.
Please tell me how I can get the information.
=Please tell me how to get the information.
A boy told us where we could find the
address.
=A boy told us where to find the address.

Noun Clause with

whether or if

Yes No Question
Will she come?

Does he need help?

Noun Clause

I dont know whether she will come.

I dont know if she will come.

I wonder whether he needs help.

I wonder if he needs help.
I wonder whether or not he needs help.
I wonder whether he needs help or not.
I wonder if he needs help or not.
Whether he needs help or not is not
obvious to me.

Noun clause with that

Stateme
nt
He is an excellent
student
The earth is
round
Computer is basic need for
modern life

English is world
language

Noun clause
Everybody thinks that he is an
excellent student.
I think he is an excellent student.
We know (that) the earth is
round.
That computer is basic need for
modern life is obvious.
It is obvious (that) computer is
basic need for modern life.

That English is world language is

fact.
It is a fact that English is world
language.

Reported /Indirect Speech

Indirect Speech (also referred to as
'reported speech') refers to a
sentence reporting what someone
has said.

Reporting Verb
If the reporting verb (i.e. said) is in the past, the
reported clause will be in a past form.
This form is usually one step back into the past
from the original.
For example:
He said, The test is difficult.
He said the test was difficult.
She said, She watches TV every day.
She said she watched TV every day.
-- Jack said, I come to school every day.
Jack said he came to school every day.

Reporting Verb
If simple present, present perfect or the
future is used in the reporting verb (i.e.
says) the tense is retained.
For example:
He says the test is difficult.
She has said that she watches TV every
day.
Jack will say that he comes to school
every day.

General truth
If reporting a general truth the
present tense will be retained.
For example:
- The teacher said, Phrasal verbs
are very important.
The teacher said that phrasal
verbs are very important.

Changing Pronouns and Time Signifiers

When changing from direct speech to indirect
speech, it is often necessary to change the
pronouns to match the subject of the sentence.
For example:
- She said, "I want to present my report.
She said that she wanted to present her
report.
- Jack said, "My friend went to the class with
me.
Jack said his friend had gone to the class with
him.

Changing Pronouns and Time

Signifiers
It is also important to change time words
(signifiers) when referring to present, past or
future time to match the moment of speaking.
For example:
- She said, "I want to submit my report tomorrow.
She said that she wanted to submit her report the
next day.

- Jack said, " My friend went to the class with me

yesterday.
Jack said that his friend had gone to the class
with him the day before.

Indirect Questions

When reporting questions, it is especially important

to pay attention to sentence order.
When reporting yes/ no questions connect the
reported question using 'if'.
When reporting questions using question words
(why, where, when, etc.) use the question word +
S+ V.
Example:
She asked, "Do you want to come with me?
She asked me if I wanted to come with her.
Dave asked, "Where did you go last weekend?
Dave asked me where I had gone the previous
weekend.
He asked, "Why are you studying English?
She asked me why I was studying English.

Indirect command
When reporting command, change
the infinitive verb to to infinitive
verb.
Example:
He said, Close the door.
He said to close the door.
She ordered him, Dont come to
my house.
She ordered him not to come to
her house.