ASKING AND

GIVING OPINION

ASKING

GIVING

ASKING OPINION
EX:
a. What do you think of?
b.What do you think about?
c. What do you feel about?
d. What do you opinion?
e. How about this?

GIVING OPINION
Ex:
a. I think it is
b.I feel it is.
c. My opinion is.
d. .. Very..

RECOMMENDATI
ON AND OFFER

DEFINITION
RECOMMENDATIO
N

DEFINITION OFFER

ASKING

GIVING

DEFINITION
RECOMMENDATION
1. A suggestion that something is good or
suitable for a particular purpose or job
2. Advice telling someon what the best thing to
do is

DEFINITION OFFER
Offer is when some one asks you if you would
like to have something or if you would like them
to do something.

ASKING
RECOMMENDATION
Ex:
a. Do you think I should join the Eart Hour sampaign?
b.Do you have time? I need you suggestion about Earth
Day
c. Do you think I should call the SAR team to rescue us?

Giving recommendation
Ex:
a. You should join the campaign, its very positive
b.We should spread the message to keep the environment
dean
c. Why dont you call the SAR team now?

EXPOSITION
TEXT

Exposition text
Analytical

Hortatory
Differences

HORTATORY
Definition

Social Function

Generic
Structure

Example Text

DEFINITION
Hortatory is a text which represent attempt
of the writer to have the addressee do
something or act in certain way.

GENERIC
STRUCTURE
Thesis : Announcement of issue concern
Argument
a) Point : states the main argument
b)

elaboration : develops and supports each point of argument by giving

facts, reason, or example.

Recommendation : statement of what ought to or ought not to happen

SOCIAL
FUNCTION
To persuade the reader or listener that
something should or should not be the
case

Television for Social Construction

Social
Function

Television is today a part of daily life. It is not only a source of entertainment but also news
and information. television is also a valuable tool for science, education and industry
What makes television even more interesting is that action is accompanied by sound, so
that we can see as well as hear what on the television. Today we can stay at home and
enjoy entertainment that once could be seen only in cinema, theaters and sport arena.
Television enables to meet important people.s It can bring important guests and
important scene to receivers who are located anywhere.
Television has a great influence on our idea about what is right and what is wrong. It
influences the way which we should behave. Television has close related to our life in
general. Some times the value and life style we get from television are in conflict with
those that we get at home and school.
Critics point out that crime and TV show often appeal to taste for violence, while many games and
quizzes appeal to greedy. it is important to suggest that television should be used for
socially constructive purpose for the shake of better life.

The text Invites the reader to use the television for

the positive things not only as entertainment but
also to look for materials science, education and
industry

ANALYTICAL
Definition

Social Function

Generic
Structure

Example Text

DEFINITION
Exposition is a text elaborates the writers idea
about the phenomenon surrounding

GENERIC
STRUCTURE
Thesis : Introduces the topic and show speaker or writers position
Argument :
a. Point = States the main argument

b.Elaboration = Develops and supports each points of aeguments by fact,

reason, or example

Conclusion or Re-Interation

: Restarting the writers position

SOCIAL
FUNCTION
To persuade the reader that the idea is important matter
by presentating some argument by fact, reason, or
example.

Career in Translation

Social Function

Functionally, translation is transferring the message or the meaning and not the
word. According to Nida, such translation is called dynamic equivalence translation. It tries to
bring the precise message in different language.
Many people like to watch Hollywood movie but many get trouble in understanding
to the actors' dialogue. So the way they get the understanding about the movie is
reading the translating text running. If Hindi translation is provided, it will bring
the better understanding for Indian moviegoer. Hollywood movie spread over other
Asia countries. Therefore, Arabic translation, Indonesian translation and Farsi
translation are widely needed and that is a big chance for English master in that
countries.
India is likely being an English speaking country. India translation will grow better and. It
seems Indonesia, Malaysia and Filipina will reach that mark too soon. Translation job will be
great in amount and that is good development for translating job seekers.

The text is to inform the reader Being a Translator

is a good job, because translator not only change
the language but also to convey meaning

DIFFERENCES
Hortatory

Analytical

Thesis

Thesis

SAME
Argument

Argument

Recommendation

Conclusion

DIFFERENT
Social Function

Social Function

HOPE AND WISH

WISH
wish is also used when you wish that something
were the case or you would like it to be the case
even though you know that it is impossible or
unlikely. In this sense, the verb which follows wish
has a past tense inflection. Thus we have:
'We wish you could be here.'
'He wished he hadn't said that, for Fiona was
terribly upset.'
'It rained every day. I do wish I hadn't gone there
for my holidays.'
'I wish you didn't have to work so hard.'

HOPE
Hope. We speak of people's 'hopes for the future' and
hope normally signals future intentions. If you hope
to do something, you want to do it and intend to do it
if you possibly can.
Like wish it can be used with to, plus infinitive. So
we might have:
'I hope to be a millionaire by the time I'm thirty.'
'I was hoping to catch the 5.30 train and would have
caught it, if Jennifer hadn't phoned.'

DIFFERENCE
Difference between the verbs hope and wish is that
when we use hope we do not know all the facts (a kind
of future meaning) and when we use wish we know all
the facts already.
For instance, 'I hope you will be OK' and 'I wish you
were here' (from Pink Floyd). This led me to think
about Christmas time. Why should I say 'I wish you a
Merry Christmas' instead of 'I hope you a Merry
Christmas'? Is there any grammatical explanation on
this issue?

INVITATION

INVITATION
a spoken or written request to somebody to do
something or to go somewhere (Oxford Learners
Dictionary)

An invitation is a request, a solicitation, or an

attempt to get another person to join you at a
specific event. (Vocabulary)

PURPOSE

Would you like to come

Would you like to join us
I would like to invite you
Request the present of

GENERIC
STRUCTURE
1. Invitee
2. Body of invitation:
Occasion
Day or Date
Time
Place
3. Inviter

EXAMPLE OF
INVITATION

CONDITIONAL
SENTENCES

CONDITIONAL
SENTENCES
Conditional Sentences are also known as Conditional
Clauses or If Clauses. They are used to express that
the action in the main clause (without if) can only
take place if a certain condition (in the clause with
if) is fulfilled. There are three types of Conditional
Sentences.

TYPE 1
It is possible and also very likely that the condition
will be fulfilled.
Form: if + Simple Present, will-Future
Example: If I find her address, Ill send her an
invitation.

TYPE 2
It is possible but very unlikely, that the condition
will be fulfilled.
Form: if + Simple Past, Conditional I (= would + Infinitive)
Example: If I found her address, I would send her an
invitation.

TYPE 3
It is possible but very unlikely, that the condition
will be fulfilled.
Form: if + Simple Past, Conditional I (= would + Infinitive)
Example: If I found her address, I would send her an
invitation.

ACTIVE AND
PASSIVE VOICE

ACTIVE AND PASSIVE

VOICE
Active voice describes a sentence where the subject
performs the action stated by the verb. In passive
voice sentences, the subject is acted upon by the
verb.

FORMULA PASSIVE
VOICE
1. Passive Voice [Simple Present Tense]
-Pattern = Subject + to be + Verb3
2. Passive Voice [Present Continous Tense]
-Pattern = Subject + to be + being + Verb3
3. Passive Voice [Present Perfect Tense]
-Pattern = Subject + have/has + been + Verb3
4. Passive Voice [Simple Past Tense]
-Pattern = Subject + to be (was were) + Verb 2
5. Passive Voice [Past Continous Tense]
-Pattern = Subject + to be (was were) + Verb3
6. Passie Voice [Past Perfect Tense]
-Pattern = Subject + had + been + Verb3
7. Passie Voice [Simple Future Tense]
-Pattern = Subject + will + be + Verb3
8. Passive Voice [Future Continous Tense]
-Pattern = Subject + will be + being + Verb3
9. Passive Voice [Future Perfect Tense]
-Pattern = Subject + will have + been + Verb3

EXAMPLE
1. They buy a book everyday [active]
. A book is bought buy them [passive]
2. She is drinking a glass of milk [active]
. A glass of milk is being drunk by her [passive]
3. We have done our homework[active]
. Our homework have been done by us [passive]
4. I swept the fl oor yesterday [active]
. The fl orr was swept by me [passive
5. We were typing a letter [active]
. A letter was been typed by us [passive]
6. He had done his homework [active]
. His homework had been done by him [passive]
7. They will buy a book tomorrow [active]
. A book will be bought by them [passive]
8. We will be typing a letter [active]
. A letter will be being typedby us [passive]
9. He will have done his homework [active]
. His homework will have been done by him [passive]

PROCEDURE
TEXT

PURPOSE
To describe how something is accomplished through
a sequence of action or steps. or the communicative
purpose is to tell the steps of making or doing
something.

GENERIC
STRUCTURE
Goal/Aim
Material/Ingredients/Tools
Steps/Methods is a goal followed by a series of
steps
oriented to achieving the goal.

LANGUAGE
FEATURES
Imperative form ,(ex: Cut, Pour, Dont mix, dsb.
Action verbs: turn, put, dont, mix, dsb.
Connectives/conjuctions , ex: then, while, dsb.
Adverbials, ex: for five minutes, two centimetres
from the top, dsb.
Use simple present tense
Mainly of material processes

GERUND

GERUN
D
DEFINITI
EXAMPLE
ON
FUNCTIO
N

DEFINITION
Gerund is a verbal that ends in ing and
functions as a noun.

FUNCTION
Subject of a
sentence

Object of a
sentence

Object of
preposition

Go + Gerund

SUBJECT OF A
SENTENCE
Ex:

Traveling might satisfy your desire for new

experiences.
In this sentence we see that traveling is the subject of
satisfy

OBJECT OF A
SENTENCE
Ex:

My moms favorite activity is running.

is explaining the subject in this sentence (what
CeRunning
rtain
v e rb
a. Lo
activity? Running.)
s:
ve
b. Li
ke
c. D
is
d. N like
ot
e. M e
in
f. Pr d
e
g. En fer
joy
h. St
o
i. St p
a
j. Ke rt
ep

OBJECT OF
PREPOSITION
Ex:

The police arrested him for speeding.

Speeding is the object of for in this example because it is explaining
the prepostion (for what? For speeding.)

ion:
t
i
s
o
p
Pre
a. In
b. On
c. At
m
d. For
or
e. Bef
f. Of
ut
g. Abo
r
h. Afte ion:
gt
Conjun
en
i. Wh
e

GO + GERUND
ex:
I go swimming every Tuesday
She went playing badminton last week
We have gone fishing

EXAMPLE IN THE
SONG
"Romeo, take me somewhere we can be alone.
I'll be waiting; all that's left to do is run.
You'll be the prince and I'll be the princess.
It's a love story, baby, just say, 'Yes.'

Romeo, save me, they try to tell me how to feel.

This love is difficult but it's real.
Don't be afraid, we'll make it out of this mess.
It's a love story, baby, just say, 'Yes.'"
Oh, oh.
I got tired of waiting Wondering if you were ever coming around.
My faith in you was fading
When I met you on the outskirts of town.
And I said...
"Romeo, save me, I've been feeling so alone.
I keep waiting for you but you never come.
Is this in my head? I don't know what to think."