Lecture 10 (Arithmetic Instructions)

Microprocessor Application Engineering
Instruction set
CI 052
8088/8086 MICROPROCESSOR PROGRAMMING

INTEGER INSTRUCTIONS AND COMPUTATIONS
7.1 Data-Transfer Instructions

7.2 Arithmetic Instructions
7.3 Logic Instructions
7.4 Shift Instructions
7.5 Rotate Instructions
02/21/15
K.Rajalakshmi,JIIT,Noida
Instruction set
CI 052
7.1 Arithmetic Instructions

The arithmetic instructions include
Addition
Subtraction
Multiplication
Division
Data Formats
Unsigned binary bytes
Signed binary bytes

Unsigned binary words
Signed binary words
Unpacked decimal bytes
Packed decimal bytes
ASCII numbers
02/21/15
Instruction set
CI 052
Arithmetic Instruction
Addition
ADD
Add byte or word
ADC
Add byte or word with carry
INC
Increment byte or word by 1
AAA
ASCII adjust for addition
DAA
Decimal adjust for addition

Subtraction
02/21/15
SUB
Subtract byte or word
SBB
Subtract byte or word with borrow
DEC
Decrement byte or word by 1
NEG
Negate byte or word
AAS
ASCII adjust for subtraction
DAS
Decimal adjust for subtraction

Instruction set
CI 052
Multiplication
MUL
Multiply byte or word unsigned
IMUL
Integer multiply byte or word
AAM
ASCII adjust for multiply

Division
02/21/15
DIV
Divide byte or word unsigned
IDIV
Integer divide byte or word
AAD
ASCII adjust for division
CBW
Convert byte or word
CWD
Convert word to double word
Instruction set
CI 052
Addition Instruction
Mnemonic
Meaning
Format
Operation
Flag
affected
ADD
Addition
ADD D,S
(S) + (D) (D)

Carry (CF)
OF,SF,ZF,
AF,PF,CF
ADC
Add with carry
ADC D,S
(S) + (D) + (CF) (D)

Carry (CF)
OF,SF,ZF,
AF,PF,CF
INC
Increment by 1
INC D
(D) + 1 (D)
OF,SF,ZF,
AF,PF
AAA
ASCII adjust for

addition
AAA
OF,SF,ZF,
AF,PF,CF,
undefined
DAA
Decimal adjust
for addition
DAA
OF,SF,ZF,
AF,PF,CF,
undefined
02/21/15
Instruction set
Allowed Operands for ADD

and ADC instructions
CI 052
Allowed operand for

INC instruction
Destination
Source
Destination
Register
Register
Reg 16
Register
Memory
Memory
Register
Register
Immediate
Memory
Immediate
Reg 8
Memory
Accumulator Immediate
02/21/15
Instruction set
CI 052
EXAMPLE (1):
Assume that the AX and BX registers contain 110016 and
0ABC16, respectively. What is the result of executing the
instruction ADD AX, BX?
Solution:
(BX)+(AX) = 0ABC16 + 110016
=1BBC16
The sum ends up in destination register AX. That is
(AX) = 1BBC16
02/21/15
02/21/15
Instruction set
CI 052
02/21/15
Instruction set
CI 052
Instruction set
CI 052
EXAMPLE(2):
The original contents of AX, BL, word-size memory location
SUM, and carry flag (CF) are 123416, AB16, 00CD16, and 016,
respectively. Describe the results of executing the following
sequence of instruction?
ADD AX, [SUM]
ADC BL, 05H
INC [SUM]
Solution:
(AX) (AX) + (SUM)
= 123416 + 00CD16 =130116
(BL) (BL) + imm8+(CF) = AB16 + 516+016 = B016

(SUM) (SUM)+ 116
02/21/15
= 00CD16 + 116
= 00CE16
10
Instruction set
CI 052
EXAMPLE (3):
What is the result of executing the following instruction sequence?
ADD AL, BL
AAA
Assuming that AL contains 3216 (ASCII code for 2) and BL contains 3416
(ASCII code 4), and that AH has been cleared.
Solution:
(AL) (AL)+(BL)= 3216 + 3416=6616
The result after the AAA instruction is
(AL) = 0616
(AH) = 0016
with both AF and CF remain cleared
02/21/15
11
Instruction set
CI 052
EXAMPLE (4):
Perform a 32-bit binary add operation on the contents of the
processors register.
Solution:
(DX,CX) (DX,CX)+(BX,AX)
(DX,CX) = FEDCBA9816
(BX,AX) = 0123456716
MOV DX, 0FEDCH
MOV CX, 0BA98H
MOV BX, 01234H
MOV AX, 04567H
ADD CX, AX
ADC DX, BX
02/21/15
; Add with carry

12
02/21/15
Instruction set
CI 052
13
02/21/15
Instruction set
CI 052
14
Instruction set
CI 052
EXAMPLE
Assuming that the contents of register BX and CX are
123416 and 012316, respectively, and the carry flag is 0, what
is the result of executing the instruction SBB BX, CX?
Solution:
(BX) - (CX) - (CF) (BX)
We get
(BX)
= 123416 012316 016

= 111116
the carry flag remains cleared.

02/21/15
15
Instruction set
CI 052
EXAMPLE
Assuming that the register BX contains 003A 16, what is the

result of executing the following instruction?
NEG BX
Solution:
(BX)
= 000016-(BX)
=000016+2complement of 003A16
= 000016+FFC616
= FFC616
Since no carry is generated in this add operation, the carry flag

is complemented to give
(CF) = 1
02/21/15
16
Instruction set
CI 052
EXAMPLE
Perform a 32-bit binary subtraction for variable X and Y.
Solution:
MOV SI, 200H ; Initialize pointer for X
MOV DI, 100H ; Initialize pointer for Y
MOV AX, [SI] ; Subtract LS words
SUB AX, [DI]
MOV [SI],AX ; Save the LS word of result
MOV AX, [SI]+2 ; Subtract MS words
SBB AX, [DI]+2
MOV [SI]+2, AX ; Save the MS word of result
02/21/15
17
02/21/15
Instruction set
CI 052
18
02/21/15
Instruction set
CI 052
19
Instruction set
CI 052
EXAMPLE
The 2s-complement signed data contents of AL are 1 and that of CL
are 2. What result is produced in AX by executing the following
instruction?
MUL CL and IMUL CL
Solution:
(AL) = -1 (as 2s complement) = 111111112 = FF16
(CL) = -2 (as 2s complement) = 111111102 = FE16
Executing the MUL instruction gives
(AX)
= 111111112x111111102
=11111101000000102
=FD0216
Executing the IMUL instruction gives

(AX) = -116 x -216 = 216 = 000216
02/21/15
20
Instruction set
CI 052
EXAMPLE
What is the result of executing the following instructions?
MOV AL, 0A1H
CBW
CWD
Solution:
(AL) = A116 = 101000012
Executing the CBW instruction extends the MSB of AL
(AH) = 111111112 = FF16 or (AX) = 11111111101000012
Executing the CWD instruction, we get
(DX) = 11111111111111112 = FFFF16
That is, (AX) = FFA116 (DX) = FFFF16
02/21/15
21
Instruction set
CI 052
BCD and ASCII Arithmetic

BCD Arithmetic :
Addition
: DAA
Subtraction
: DAS
Conventional Hexadecimal Arithmetic BCD Addition [DAA ]

1234 h
1234 h
02/21/15
3099 h
3099 h
------
------
42CD h
4333 h
-------
------K.Rajalakshmi,JIIT,Noida
22
Instruction set
CI 052
DAA : Decimal Adjustment after Addition
DAS : Decimal Adjustment after Subtraction
DAA instruction functions only with AL register
instruction functions only with AL register
This addition must occur eight bits at a time
This addition must occur eight bits at a time
DAA instruction must come only after Addition

instruction.
DAS instruction must come only after

subtraction instruction
Example program for 16-bit BCD addition

MOV DX,1234 H
Example program for 16-bit BCD

subtraction
MOV DX,1234 H
MOV BX,3099H
MOV BX,3099H
MOV AL,BL
MOV AL,BL
ADD AL,DL
ADD AL,DL
DAA
DAA
MOV CL,AL
MOV CL,AL
MOV AL,BH
MOV AL,BH
ADC AL,DH
ADC AL,DH
DAA
DAA
MOV CH,AL
02/21/15
MOV CH,AL
23
Instruction set
CI 052
ASCII Arithmetic
The ASCII arithmetic instructions functions with ASCII-coded numbers
The numbers range in value from 30-39 h for the numbers 0-9.
02/21/15
24
Instruction set
AAA
CI 052
AAD
AAM
ASCII adjustment after addition
ASCII adjustment after Division
ASCII adjustment after

Multiplication
Appears after addition instruction.
Appears before division instruction
Appears after multiplication
ADD instruction
31h + 39h = 6Ah
AX contain a two digit unpacked BCD

number
Adjust AX with ADD.
Divide AX with an unpacked BCD number
AL will have Quotient
AH will have Reminder
MUL instruction
05H * 05H = 0019H
AAA instruction
1 + 9 = 10 =01 00h
DIV instruction
72 / 9 => AL=8 ; AH =0
AAM Instruction
5 * 5 = 02 05H
To get ASCII code

0100h+3030h = 3130h
AAD instruction
0702H is loaded into AX
Adjust by AAD instruction
AX will have 0048
0048 is binary equivalent of 72 decimal
To get ASCII code

0205h + 3030h = 3235h
Example
MOV AX, 31H
ADD AL,39H
AAA
ADD AX,3030H
Example
MOV BL, 9
MOV AX,0702H
AAD
DIV BL
Example
MOV AL,5
MOV CL,5
MUL CL
AAM
02/21/15
25

Lecture 10 (Arithmetic Instructions)

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Lecture 10 (Arithmetic Instructions)

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Microprocessor Application Engineering

8088/8086 MICROPROCESSOR PROGRAMMING

7.1 Data-Transfer Instructions

Microprocessor Application Engineering

7.1 Arithmetic Instructions

Signed binary bytes

Microprocessor Application Engineering

Add byte or word

Add byte or word with carry

Increment byte or word by 1

ASCII adjust for addition

Decimal adjust for addition

Subtract byte or word

Subtract byte or word with borrow

Decrement byte or word by 1

Negate byte or word

ASCII adjust for subtraction

Decimal adjust for subtraction

Microprocessor Application Engineering

Multiply byte or word unsigned

Integer multiply byte or word

ASCII adjust for multiply

Divide byte or word unsigned

Integer divide byte or word

ASCII adjust for division

Convert byte or word

Convert word to double word

Microprocessor Application Engineering

(S) + (D) (D)

Add with carry

(S) + (D) + (CF) (D)

ASCII adjust for

Microprocessor Application Engineering

Allowed Operands for ADD

Allowed operand for

Microprocessor Application Engineering

Microprocessor Application Engineering

Microprocessor Application Engineering

Microprocessor Application Engineering

= 123416 + 00CD16 =130116

(BL) (BL) + imm8+(CF) = AB16 + 516+016 = B016

Microprocessor Application Engineering

Microprocessor Application Engineering

; Add with carry

Microprocessor Application Engineering

Microprocessor Application Engineering

Microprocessor Application Engineering

= 123416 012316 016

the carry flag remains cleared.

Microprocessor Application Engineering

Assuming that the register BX contains 003A 16, what is the

Since no carry is generated in this add operation, the carry flag

Microprocessor Application Engineering

Microprocessor Application Engineering

Microprocessor Application Engineering

Microprocessor Application Engineering

Executing the IMUL instruction gives

Microprocessor Application Engineering

Microprocessor Application Engineering

BCD and ASCII Arithmetic

Conventional Hexadecimal Arithmetic BCD Addition [DAA ]

Microprocessor Application Engineering

DAA : Decimal Adjustment after Addition

DAS : Decimal Adjustment after Subtraction