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CEMENT

CONTENTS
What is Cement?
Composition
Manufacturing
Types of Cement
Storage
Tests
Drawbacks and Alternatives
Water Cement Ratio
Difference Between Plaster and Mortar
Difference Between RCC and PCC

DEFINITION: Acementis abinder, a


substance that sets and hardens and
can bind other materials together.
The word "cement" traces to
theRomans, who used the termopus
caementicium to
describemasonryresembling .

Manufacturing of Cement

Cement is typically made from limestone


and clay or shale.

These raw materials are extracted from


the quarry crushed to a very fine powder.

This blended raw material is called the


'raw feed' or 'kiln feed' and is heated in a
rotary kiln where it reaches a temperature
of about 1400 C to 1500 C then falls out
of the kiln and cools down.

STORAGE OF CEMENT
Storage

of cement is a noteworthy
item, because proper arrangements for
storing the cement have to be made in
the factories before sale or on large
construction projects before use.
Proper

Storage preserves its quality


and fitness for use. To prevent its
deterioration it is necessary to protect
it from rain, sun, winds and moisture.

Background and Need

The earliest binder used in masonry


construction was plain mud (with or
without straw) .
An early version of cement made with
lime, sand, and gravel.
Cement have binding property it hold
bricks to stand.

Types of Cement
Types of Cements based on Indian
Standards
1.Ordinary Portland CementIt is the most important type of cement.
The 28 days strength of the cement will not be
less than 33N/mm2.
It is not in much use by masses today and had
been replaced by other cement called PPC
(Portland Pozzolana Cement).
Still, it is used in construction activities of large

2.Rapid Hardening CementThe name is itself an explanation of the nature of the


cement i.e. it gets hardened at a very rapid pace.
Apart from rapid hardening it also develops high strength
at an early stage than OPC.
Used in pre-fabricated concrete construction works or at
places where formwork has to be removed or sometimes in
road repair works too.

3. Sulphate Resisting CementIt resist easily to sulphate attacks.


Thus it find its use in concreting done
in marine conditions or in concrete
foundation which soil contain
sulphates compounds or sometimes in
sewage treatment works too.

4.

Portland Slag Cement-

This type of cement is manufactured by mixing Portland


cement and Ground Granulated Blast Slag in suitable
proportions.
The resultant cement is more resistant to chemical attacks.
It is thus generally used in water retaining structures or
where structure is vulnerable to any form of chemical attack.

5.Super Sulphated CementThis cement is like sulphate resistance cement with


higher sulphate resistance and fineness higher than
that of OPC.
It is mostly used in Belgium and recommended for
used in foundation works (or sea works) where very
high degree of sulphate resistance is required.

6.

Low Heat Cement-

It has low heat of hydration.


High Heat of hydration is responsible for building
cracks in the structure.

Thus it finds its use in massive construction work.

7.

Portland Pozzolana Cement

PPC is obtained by mixing OPC with suitable


Pozzolans at a certain temperature to produce PPC.
Pozzolans are materials that are said to show similar
properties as that of cement when they comes in
contact with water.
It is very popular now days and used by masses for
all general construction activities.

8.Coloured CementAs per IS code it is white but can be turned to any


colour by adding suitable coloured pigments in
OPC or PPC.
It is manufactured from limestone that is
available only near Jodhpur in India.
It is use to aesthetically enhance the structure
appearance and finish.

9.Hydrophobic CementIt is manufactured by grinding together OPC


clinker with substances such as oleic acid or
stearic acid.
It reduces the rate of deterioration of cement
and thus gives long storage life to cement.

10.Masonry Cement.
It is used for masonry works.
Properties resembling to lime
mortar instead of cement mortar.
It is manufactured using certain
admixtures.

11.Oil Well CementIt is used in the oil wells.


This cement is manufactured using special set
of admixtures at high temperature and
pressure inside the oil wells while maintaining
its mobility.

12.Concrete Sleeper Grade CementIt is special cement and is manufactured as


specifications formulated by Indian Railways.
Particularly used in concrete sleepers but can also be
use in high rise building where high early strength is
required.

13.High Alumina CementIt is the cement with very high content


of alumina.
Having a unique property of extensively
high rate of strength development.

APPLICATIONS

DIFFERENCE
BETWEEN PLASTER
AND MORTAR
Plasteris

a building material used for coating walls and

ceilings.
Plasteris manufactured as a dry powder and is mixed
with water to form a paste when used.
The reaction with water liberates heat through
crystallization and the hydratedplasterthen hardens.

Mortaris a workable paste used to bind building blocks


such asstones,bricks, andconcrete masonry units
together, fill and seal the irregular gaps between them.
Mortarcomes from Latinmortarium meaningcrushed.

Mortar binding bricks

Plaster

Difference Between RCC and


PCC

Reinforced cement concrete

(RCC) is acomposite material in


whichconcrete'srelatively lowtensile
strengthandductility.
Reinforcement having higher tensile strength
and/or ductility.
The reinforcement is usually, though not
necessarily, steel reinforcing bars (rebar) and is
usually embedded passively in the concrete
before the concrete sets.
Reinforcing schemes are generally designed to
resisttensilestresses in particular regions of the
concrete that might cause

Plain Cement Concreteis acomposite


materialcomposed mainly ofwater,aggregate,
andcement.
Additives are included in the mixture to achieve
the desired physical properties of the finished
material.
When all these ingredients are mixed together,
they form a fluid mass that is easily molded into
shape.
Over time, the cement forms a hard matrix which
binds the rest of the ingredients together into a
durable stone-like material with many uses.

Drawbacks of cement

From an environmental standpoint


cement has a negativeimpact, because
manufacturing it emits about a ton
ofgreenhouse gas (CO2) into the
atmosphere for every ton of cement
manufactured.
Cement is also a rathercold, unyeilding
material to live in.

Alternative for Cement

Lime and Geopolymer are the alternative of


cement.
Geopolymer is twice as strong as cement in
compression, three-times as strong in flexure and can
set up in one day.
Besides using geopolymer to make concrete,
this novel material can be used for fire and
corrosion resistant coatings, water and air
filtration, CO2sequestration materials,
projectile armor, substrates for solar and fuel
cells, and even a paint substitute.

Water- Cement ratio

Thewatercement ratiois the ratio of the weight of water


to the weight ofcementused in aconcretemix and has an
important influence on the quality of concrete produced.
A lower water-cement ratio leads to higher strength and
durability.
but may make the mix more difficult to place.
the watercement ratio is characterized as the water to
cement pluspozzolan ratio, w/(c+p).
The pozzolan is typically afly ash, orblast furnaceslag.
It can include a number of other materials, such as silica
fume, rice husk ash or natural pozzolans.
The addition of pozzolans will influence the strength gain of
the concrete.

Thank you!
Submitted by :
Urvashi pareek
Pramita chaturvedi
Rishabh chaudhary
Saloni sharma
Manish singh
Arpit pathak
Shivanshu chaturvedi

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