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X-rays
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• Bohr’s model
electrons
nucleus
K (n=1)
shells
L (n=2)
M (n=3)
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Mass Charge
Proton 1 amu +
Nucleus
Neutron 1 amu
A = Z+N
A
A = atomic mass number X
Z = atomic number = number of protons Z
N = number of neutron
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0 eV = free electron
Energy n=4
n=3
n=2
-13,6 eV
n=1 Increasing distance from nucleus
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Energy levels
n=4
n=3
n=2
An electron can move to An electron, moving to a
a higher energy level lower level of energy, emits
when sufficient energy is energy in the form of a photon.
to supplied to the electron.
n=1
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n=3
n=2
n=1
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20-150 kV
Cathode Anode
The electrons are powerfully attracted towards the anode under the
influence of the potential difference between cathode and anode.
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X-ray
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Intensity
Contribution
by Bremsstrahlung
Wavelength
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Wavelength
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Intensity Contribution
by characteristic radiation
Contribution
by Bremsstrahlung
Wavelength
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Visible light
red violet
750 nm 400 nm
Wavelength
radiowaves X-rays (nm)
microwaves
infrared ultraviolet
cosmic rays
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X-ray tube
envelop
Tungsten target
Cathode Anode
X-rays
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• Cathode
Filament
Cathode Anode
Electron beam
Focusing cup:
narrow the diameter of the electron beam, so that it can be
directed onto small part of the anode, called the focal spot
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• Rotating anode: when high tube current used (>100 – 200 mA)
Rotating anode:
Tungsten disc mounted
on a rotating axis
Rotating anode
X-rays
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• Collimator
– X-ray beam restricting device
• enables the control of
– the size
– the shape
• of the X-ray beam
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• Collimator
Rotating anode
• Collimator
Rotating anode
Mirror
Light source
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• Filtration
– Mainly for radio protective purposes
• low energy X-rays lack the energy to reach the film and will therefore
not contribute to the radiographic image
• low energy X-rays, however, will contribute to the patient exposure
(deposited in the patient)
Intensity
Wavelength
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• Filtration
Rotating anode
Filter, usually
aluminium plate,
1-3 mm thick
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Cathode Anode
X-rays
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Wavelength
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Cathode Anode
X-rays
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Wavelength
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Lower kV Higher kV
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• A summary
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Generating X-rays
cathode filament
mAs
anode static
3 parameters kV
5 main
elements envelop rotating
duration
of
collimator exposure
filtration
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