Concrete

Structures

Overview

Introduction
Concrete Properties
History of Manufacture
Composition:
Cement
Aggregates
Admixtures

Setting and hydration

Making and Testing of concrete
Concrete mix design
Reinforced steel
Types of concrete

Introduction
Rocklike Material
Ingredients

Portland Cement
Course Aggregate
Fine Aggregate
Water
Admixtures (optional)

Concrete properties

Versatile

Pliable when mixed

Strong & Durable

Does not Rust or Rot

Does Not Need a Coating

Resists Fire

History of manufacture

Egyptian Pyramids
The Egyptians were using early forms of concrete
over 5000 years ago to build pyramids
Roman Architecture
Romans used a material that is remarkably close
to modern cement to build many of their
architectural marvels
1824-Portland Cement Invented
Joseph Aspdin of England is credited with the
invention of modern Portland cement.

Egyptian pyramid

Roman Architecture

Cement

Chemical
is:
Lime
Silica
Alumina
Iron oxide
Gypsum

Composition of cement
63%
22%
06%
03%
01 to 04%

Types of cement

Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC)

Portland Pozzolana Cement (PPC)

Portland Blast Furnace Slag Cement (PBFS)

Oil Well Cement

Rapid Hardening

Sulphate Resisting Portland Cement

White Cement

Aggregates

Aggregates make up to 59-75% of

concrete volume

Strength of concrete is dependent on the

strength of aggregate particles and the
strength of hardened paste

Properties of aggregates

Compressive strength: Should be higher than

concrete strength

Voids: Represent the amount of air space

between the aggregate particles

Moisture content: The amount of water in

aggregates

Gradation: Particle size distribution of a

representative sample of an aggregate

Admixtures
Admixture are materials that
are added to plastic concrete to
change one or more properties
of fresh or hardened concrete.
To fresh concrete
Added to influence its
workability, setting times and
heat of hydration.
To hardened concrete
Added to influence the
concretes durability and
strength.

Types of Admixtures

Chemical (Accelerators, retarders, waterreducing and air-entraining).

Mineral (Strength and durability).

Chemical admixtures

Accelerating admixtures
Compounds added to cement to decrease its
setting time
Retarding admixtures
Added to concrete to increase its setting time
Water-reducing admixtures and super
plasticizers
Used to reduce the amount of water used in
concrete mixes
Air-entraining admixtures
Allows dispersal of microscopic air bubbles
Foaming agents
Vinsol resin; Sulphonated lignin compounds;
Petroleum acid compounds; Alkyd benzene
compounds.

Mineral Admixtures

Used in concrete to replace part of cement

or sand.
When used to replace sand called as
supplementary cementing materials.
Added in large quantities compared to
chemical admixtures.
Pozzolans
Fly ash
Silica fume

Setting and Hydration

Due to hydration cement undergoes a

series of chemical reactions
Constituents slowly crystallize
Interlocking of their crystals gives cement
its strength
During setting, paste losses its fluids and
hardens
At the final stage cement gains its strength

Formation of hydration products over time

leads to
Stiffening (loss of workability)
Setting (solidification)

Gypsum reduces the speed of hardening

Hot water increases the speed

Portland cement vs rapid set

cement

Making and testing of concrete

Mixing

Pumping and placing:

Involves weighing out all the ingredients for a batch

of concrete and mixing them together
Concrete is conveyed to the construction site or
pumped
Concrete should be placed as near as possible to its
final position

Finishing:

The concrete must be leveled and surface made

smooth/flat

Transit Mix Truck (ReadyMix Truck)

Placement Today - Direct

From the Transit Mixer, or

Improperly consolidated Concrete

Making and testing of concrete

Curing of concrete :

Process of maintaining enough moisture in concrete

to maintain the rate of hydration

Methods of curing:

Ponding or immersion
spraying or fogging
wet coverings
Plastic sheets
Steam curing

Top of Slab being protected during cold weather

Properties of Fresh Concrete

Consistency and Workability

The mix should maintain its uniformity and not

bleed excessively

Consistency is a measure of its wetness and fluidity

- Measured by the slump test

Strength

Tensile strength: Obtained using split cylinder tests

Flexural strength: Determined by third point loading
- Modulus of rupture

Sample collected

Cone Removed and Concrete

Allowed to Slump

Slump Cone Filled

Slump Measured

Concrete Mix Design

Concept : Determining the suitable proportion

e
of ingredients
that would produce a workable
concrete mix that is durable, and of required
strength, and cost-effective

Principles of Mix Design

Workable mix
Use as little cement & water as possible
Gravel and sand to be proportioned to achieve a dense

mix
Maximum size of aggregates should be as large as
possible, to minimize surface area of aggregates

Methods of Mix Design

Volumetric method
Proportioning from field data method
Proportioning by trial mixtures method
Mass proportioning method

Using the given data

Select the maximum slump as per the task
Select the maximum size of aggregates
Estimate the mixing water and air content
Select the w/c ratio
Estimate the weight of dry rodded coarse aggregates
Estimate the fine aggregate content
Find the weights of field mix (containing moisture) per

unit volume

Concept of reinforcing
concrete with steel
reinforcement

Steel is good at withstanding tensile stress

Concrete is good at bearing compressive stress
but can crack under tensile stress.
The concept of reinforced concrete is to combine
these two qualities to produce a material that is
stronger than either material alone.

Reinforcing Steel

Sizes
There are 11 Standard Diameters
3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 14, 18
(Number refers to 1/8ths of an inch)
Grades
40, 50, 60
Steel Yield Strength (in thousands of psi)

Details marked on a Reinforcing

Steel

Types of Concrete

No fine concrete
Lime concrete
Plum concrete
Cement concrete
Shotcrete (sprayed concrete)
Air entrained concrete
Light weight concrete

No fine concrete

Consists of cement and coarse

aggregate only
has good drainage properties
due to its open texture
Mix proportions of aggregate to cement is in the
range 1:5 to 1:10 or as specified
Material should be poured as soon as possible
after mixing

Lime concrete

Made from a mixture of lime, sand,

and gravel
Generally lime & sand are taken in
ratio of 1:1 to 1:3 by volume
Used for foundation bases
of load bearing walls, columns,
and under layers of floors

Plum concrete

Consist of hard rock of

approved sizes
A layer of concrete not less
than
50 mm thick shall be placed
Plums placed should be allowed
to sink in their own weight
Plums should not be
completely covered
Used mostly in mass concrete
works like concrete gravity
dams