Statistical Data Collection

Mr. CAF Reballos

Collection of Data

Refers to the process of obtaining

numerical measurements

Sources of Data

Sources of Data
Documentary Sources
Information contained in published or
unpublished reports, statistics, internet,
letters, magazines, newspapers, diaries
and so on
Primary Data
Secondary data

Sources of Data
Documentary Sources
Advantages of primary data over
secondary data
Primary data frequently give detailed
definitions of terms and accurate statistical
units used in the survey
Primary data lend more relevance to the
researchers study
Primary data are more reliable

Sources of Data
Field Sources
Include individuals who have sufficient
knowledge and experience regarding
the study under investigation

Collecting Data: Methods

Methods of Collecting Data

1. Direct Method

Face to face encounter between the

interviewer and the interviewee

Methods of Collecting Data

1. Direct Method
Advantage:

Provides consistent and precise information

Questions may be repeated or modified

Disadvantage:

Time consuming
Expensive
Has a limited field coverage

Methods of Collecting Data

2. Indirect Method
Method done by giving prepared
relevant questionnaires to the
respondents of the study from which
would like to get the needed
information

Methods of Collecting Data

2. Indirect Method
Advantage:

Questionnaires may be mailed or hand-held

Inexpensive and can cover wide area in a shorter
period of time

Disadvantage:

There is a strong probability of no response

Questions not easily understood will also
probably not be answered

Methods of Collecting Data

3. Registration Method
Method of utilizing the existing data or
fact or information which is kept
systematized by the office concerned
E.g. registration of births, death, motor
vehicle, marriages, licenses

Methods of Collecting Data

4. Experiment Method
Used if the researcher would like to
determine the cause and effect
relationship of certain phenomenon
under investigation
Used in making scientific inquiry

Planning the Study

1. Estimate the number of items in the
population
2. Assess resources such as time and
money factors, which are available
to pursue the research
3. Determine the sample size needed
in the study

Sample Size for Specified Margin of Error

1%

2%

3%

4%

500
1,500

5%

10%

222

83

638

441

316

94

2,500

1,250

769

500

345

96

3,000

1,364

811

517

353

97

4,000

1,538

870

541

364

98

5,000

1,667

909

556

370

98

6,000

1,765

938

566

375

99

7,000

1,842

959

574

378

99

8,000

1,905

976

580

381

99

9,000

1,957

989

584

383

99

10,000

5,000

2,000

1,000

588

385

99

50,000

8,333

2,381

1,087

617

397

100

Sample Size Determination

A researcher in SJDEFI would want to
make a survey in the school with a
population of 1,000 students with a
margin of error of 10 percent. How
many students must he take into his
sample?

Planning the Study

4. Pick the sample by using the
appropriate sampling technique
Probability Sampling
Non-probability Sampling

Sampling Technique
1. Probability Sampling

Selecting a sample size (n) from a

population (N) such that each member of
the population is given a non-zero chance
of being included in the sample and all
possible combinations of sixe (n) have an
equal chance of being selected as the
sample

Table of Random Numbers

Sampling Technique
2. Restricted Random Sampling
Used when the population is too
large to handle
Types:
Systematic sampling
Non-random sampling

Sampling Technique
2a. Systematic Sampling
The process of selecting the sample
when units are obtained by drawing
every nth element of the population
E.g. In a population of 50,000, the
sample size is 100 at 10% margin of
error. The nth item is 500.

Sampling Technique
2a. Systematic Sampling
Types:
Stratified sampling
population is divided into groups based on
homogeneity to avoid the possibility of
drawing samples whose members come
from one stratum

Sampling Technique
2a. Systematic Sampling
Types:
Stratified sampling
The distribution of sampling units is
proportional to the total number of units in
each stratum

Sampling Technique
Stratified Sampling (Example)
Let us take a population of 50,000 families in
Tuguegarao City. Draw 100 sample units from this
population with 10% margin of error. There are
25,000 families who belong to the high income
group, 10,000 families in the middle income
group and 15,000 in the low income group

Sampling Technique
2a. Systematic Sampling
Types:
Cluster sampling
Districts or blocks constitute the cluster
Is useful in selecting the sample when
heterogeneous groups occupy blocks in a
community or city

Sampling Technique
2a. Systematic Sampling
Types:
Multi-stage sampling
Uses several stages or phases in getting the
samples from the general population
Is useful in conducting a nationwide survey
or any survey involving a large universe

Sampling Technique
2b. Nonprobability Sampling
Technique wherein not all members
of the population are given equal
chances to be selected at sample
Researcher states his prejudice in
the choice of the sample

Sampling Technique
2b. Non-probability Sampling
Types:
Quota sampling
Researcher limits the number of his samples based
on the required number of the subject under
investigation

Purposive sampling
Sampling is based on certain criteria and rules laid
down by the researcher

Sampling Technique
2b. Non-probability Sampling
Types:
Convenience sampling
The researcher conducts a study at his
convenient time, preferred place or venue

Planning the Study

5. Prepare the questions to be asked in
the interview or in the questionnaire

Types of Questions
Structured Question
Type of question that
leaves only one way
or few alternative
ways of answering
The questions are
clear, simple and
objective

Types of Questions
Unstructured or
Open Ended Questions

Questions that can be

answered in many
ways probing
questions or questions
that want to elicit
reasons