FGM in SR

Presentation on
FREE GOVERNOR MODE OPERATION
FREE GOVERNOR OPERATION

ROLE
WHY
FREQ
ABT COMPARISION
& GOVERNOR
MAY-02 & MAY-03
BEFORE GOVERNOR
BLOCKED GOVERNOR
GOVERNOR RESPONSE
IN NER
GOVERNOR
CHARACTERISTICS
GOVERNOR TYPES
DEAD BAND
GOVERNOR TIME LAG
FREQUENCY DECAY RATE
BACKLASH
TIME DELAY
DROOP
TYPES OF CONTROLS
DROOP RESPONSE IN SR
ADVANTAGES
UCPE/NERC
PROBLEMS
FREQUENCY BASED
DISPATCH
PID CONTROL
LIST OF GENERATORS
FREQUENCY BASED
DISPATCH
SUPPRESSED GOVERNOR
ACTION
PTI TAPE
ORDERS
ORDERS
IEGC 1.6
IEGC 6.2 (h)
IEGC 6.2 (e) & 6.2(f)

CERC ORDER ON
WB dt 02/01/01
KERALA LETTER
ON FGM
IEGC 6.2 (g)

FREE GOVERNOR
OPERATION
ROLE OF SYSTEM OPERATOR

LOAD GENERATION
BALANCE
50
WHY DOES FREQUENCY DROP ?

Sudden addition of load causes a drop in frequency.
An increased load is supplied through an increase in the load angle by which
the rotor lags the stator field.
It means a loss of Kinetic Energy of the rotating M/c and a slower speed
of rotation i.e. a lower frequency.
f = (P/2) X (N/60)
Where f = frequency of the system
P = no of poles of the M/c.
N = rpm of the M/c.
PRIMARY CONTROLS
Load dependent on frequency
Free Governor Operation
Under Frequency Operation
PRIMARY CONTROL
(UCPE)
Primary control involves the action of
turbine speed governors in generating

units, which will respond where the speed
(frequency) deviates from the speed
(frequency) set point as a result of an
imbalance between generation and
demand in the synchronously
interconnected network as a whole.
Technical solidarity between members will
involve the simultaneous action of primary
control on all generating units involved in
system control.
PRIMARY CONTROL
(UCPE)
The various assumptions, characteristics and
parameters applied to primary control are as

follows:
The maximum instantaneous deviation P between
generation and demand to be corrected by primary
control is 2000 MW
For the whole system, with a peak load of the order
of 20000 MW and an off-peak load of the order of
12000 MW, assuming 1% self-regulation of load, the
quasi-steady-state frequency deviation must not
exceed 180 mHz and the instantaneous frequency
must not fall below 49.2 Hz in response to a
shortfall in generation capacity equal to or less than
2000 MW. The overall network power frequency
characteristic for the system is set at 1000 MW/Hz
FREQUENCY RESPONSE
(NERC)
NERC
ABT AND GOVERNOR

POST ABT FREQUENCY
WITHIN 49 TO 50.5HZ
ACHIEVED BY STAGGERING OF LOADS
FLUCTUATION IN FREQUENCY INCREASED
FREQUENCY COMPARISON FOR

04-MARCH 02 & 03
51.50
51.00
2003
50.50
50.00
49.50
49.00
48.50
2002
48.00
47.50
00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
Frequency Variation based on data integrated over ONE minute interval
HUMAN GOVERNOR OPERATION
TG
GOVERNOR
SYSTEM
GOVERNOR
SPEED GOVERNOR IS THE CONTROLLING MECHANISM WHICH
CONTROLS THE INPUT TO THE PRIME MOVER AUTOMATICALLY WHEN
THERE IS A CHANGE IN SYSTEM SPEED (FREQUENCY)
WHEN THERE IS A CHANGE IN SYSTEM FREQUENCY GOVERNOR

RESPONSE BY CAUSING VALVES/GATES TO OPEN/CLOSE TO
INCREASE/DECREASE THE INPUT TO THE PRIME MOVER
MISCONCEPTION
Governors attempt to restore frequency to normal.
In reality, Governors attempt to restore load generation balance, using

frequency change as a signal.
CHARACTERISTICS
1.
Respond promptly to a small change in

speed.
2. Adjust the throttle valve with a
minimum of overshoot.
3. Have sufficient power to overcome
friction losses and unbalance forces in
the throttle valve.
4. Permit very little speed fluctuation
under constant load and steam
conditions.
TYPES OF GOVERNORS
Mechanical
shaft
Direct acting orifice
Oil relay
Precision oil relay
Electronic governor
DEAD BAND
DEAD BAND OF THE SPEED GOVERNORING SYSTEM IS THE TOTAL
AMOUNT OF CHANGE IN STEADY STATE SPEED WITHIN WHICH THERE
IS NO ACTION BY GOVERNOR.
Turbine rated
output MW
Dead band percent of

rated speed
IN 50HZ BASE
< 5MW
0.15
0.075HZ
5 to 30mw
0.10
0.050HZ
> 30mw
0.06
0.030HZ
IEC - 45
DROOP CHARACTERISTICS
THE AMOUNT OF SPEED (OR FREQUENCY) CHANGE THAT IS NECESSARY
TO CAUSE THE MAIN PRIME MOVER CONTROL MECHANISM TO MOVE
FROM FULLY CLOSED TO FULLY OPEN.
NORMAL RANGE
3 TO 5%
THE MINIMUM RATE OF CHANGE OF SPEED SHOULD NOT BE LESS THAN

0.4 TIMES OF ITS DROOP.
THE MAXIMUM RATE OF CHANGE OF SPEED SHOULD NOT BE MORE
THAN 3 TIMES OF ITS DROOP.
5% DROOP ON 200MW GENERATOR

200
GENERATION IN MW --->
160
120
80
40
0
49
49.5
50
50.5
FREQ IN HZ --->
51
51.5
PARTICIPATION OF 5% DROOP ON 200MW & 500MW GENERATORS

600
500
400
300
100MW for 0.5HZ
Frequency
200
100
40MW for 0.5HZ
Frequency
0
49
49.5
50
50.5
FREQ IN HZ --->
51
51.5
GOVERNOR DROOP 5% (500MW UNIT)

600
600
500
GENERATION IN MW ---->
500
400
300
300
200
200
100
0
47
47.5
48
48.5
49
49.5
50
FREQ IN HZ --->
50.5
51
51.5
52
52.5
53
GOVERNOR DROOP 5% (210MW UNIT)

250
250
210
GENERATION IN MW ---->
200
150
125
100
85
50
0
47
47.5
48
48.5
49
49.5
50
FREQ IN HZ --->
50.5
51
51.5
52
52.5
53
RESPONSE BY A 500 MW GENERATOR WITH DIFFRENT DROOP

500
500
500
450
400
400
375
350
4 % DROOP
300
MW ->
300
250
250
5 % DROOP
200
200
150
125
100
100
50
0
48
48.5
49
49.5
50
HZ->
50.5
51
51.5
GOVERNOR TIME LAG

TIME TAKEN BY GOVERNOR TO JUST BEGIN CHANGING POWER OUTPUT
TO STABILISE FREQUENCY.
OR
TIME BETWEEN A CHANGE IN GENERATOR SPEED & CHANGE IN
TURBINE POWER.
TIME DELAY IN GOVERNOR

OPERATION
Dead band
0.25 sec
Valve opening
Steam flow
0.5 sec
4 seconds
During transient state Governor is of little help.

Effect is felt during steady state
BLOCKED GOVERNOR
BYPASSING THE GOVERNING FEEDBACK MECHANISM TO MAINTAIN
FIXED GENERATOR OUTPUT.
DISADVANTAGES:
SYSTEM INSTABILITY
RESTORATION OF SYSTEM FREQUENCY TO NORMAL TAKES MORE

TIME AFTER A DISTURBANCE.
FREQUENCY DECAY RATE

Approximate Freq
Decay Rate
5 X Lost Generation
=
--------------------------------------
In Hz / sec
Remaining Generation
Example:2200MW
Freq decay rate = (5 X 200) / 2000 =
200MW
Generation Lost
0.5 Hz /second
NEYVELI U-4 ON FGM ON 19/06/2003

220
50.4
FREQUENCY
210
50.2
50
49.8
190
49.6
180
GENERATION
49.4
170
160
11:00
49.2
11:15
11:30
11:45
12:00
TIME ->
12:15
12:30
12:45
49
13:00
HZ->
MW->
200
DROOP CHARACTERISTICS OF NYL U4

210
205
200
195
190
185
180
175
FREQ CHANGE 49.7 - >

50.4
0.7Hz
GEN CHANGE
205 ->
177
35MW
CHANGE IN GEN 28 MW FOR 0.7 Hz CHANGE IN FREQ
FOR 200 MW CHANGE IN GEN FREQ CHANGE REQD =
(200*0.7)/28 = 5 Hz
i.e 5*100 /50 = 10% Droop
170
49.6
49.7
49.8
49.9
50
50.1
50.2
50.3
50.4
50.5
NLY U6 ON FGM ON 15/07/03

195
50.6
190
50.4
185
50.2
180
MW -->
170
GENERATION
165
160
49.8
49.6
FREQUENCY
49.4
155
49.2
150
145
11:30
11:45
12:00
TIME-->
12:15
49
12:30
HZ -->
50
175
DROOP CHARACTERISTICS OF NYL U6

195
190
185
180
175
170
165
FREQ CHANGE 49.9 - >

50.5
0.6Hz
GEN CHANGE
191 ->
168
23MW
CHANGE IN GEN 24 MW FOR 0.6 Hz CHANGE IN FREQ
FOR 200 MW CHANGE IN GEN FREQ CHANGE REQD =
(200*0.6)/24 = 5 Hz
i.e 5*100 /50 = 10% Droop
160
49.8
49.9
50
50.1
50.2
50.3
50.4
50.5
50.6
50.7
IDUKKI GENERATION ON 16/07/2003

51
400
FREQUENCY
350
50.5
300
50
FREQ ->
MW
250
200
49.5
150
100
GENERATION
49
50
48.5
0
0
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
DROOP CHARACTERSTICS OF IDUKKI

400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
49.3
49.4
49.5
49.6
49.7
49.8
49.9
50
50.1
49.1
49.2
49.3
49.4
49.5
49.6
49.7
49.8
POINT C
POINT D
POINT B
POINT A
POINT A - GENERATION LOSS

POINT B GOVERNOR ACTION STARTED
POINT C - FREQUENCY AFTER GOVERNER ACTION
POINT D FREQUENCY AFTER OPERATOR ACTION
49.9
BACKLASH
The distance through which one part of connected machinery, as a
wheel, piston, or screw, can be moved without moving the connected parts.
BOILER CONTROLS
BOILER FOLLOWING SYSTEM
TURBINE FOLLOWING SYSTEM
INTEGRATED CONTROL SYSTEM
50
ADVANTAGES
1. Reduce the random change of frequency
2. Mitigate effect of load generation mismatch
3. Prevents wastage of fuel during low load condition
4. Faster restoration from grid disturbance
PROBLEMS
Steam deposits on the valve stem .
2.
Lubrication deposits (i.e., soaps, dirt, detergents,
etc.) in the top works of the valve exposed to the
elements.
3. Mechanical failures of the valve resulting from bent
stems, either in the valve proper or the upper
works, damaged split couplings, etc., all within
about a 6" area near the center of the valve
mechanism.
4. Galling of the piston in the hydraulic latch cylinder.
5. Jamming of the screw spindle in the larger cylindertype valve design due to forcing by operations
personnel
1.
FREE GOVERNOR OPERATION
Mother of all Controls

Self healing mechanism
Collectively Control
Most equitable
Reduces risk of collapse
Makes restoration easy
World wide mandatory practice
210
420
200
360
190
300
180
240
170
180
STEADY STATE OPERATION

160
120
AT 50 HZ GEN= 190MW
150
60
140
49
49.1
49.2
49.3
49.4
49.5
49.6
49.7
49.8
FREQ IN HZ --->
49.9
50
50.1
50.2
50.3
50.4
0
50.5
UI PRICE -->
5% DROOP OF 210MW UNIT OF STATION A

VARIABLE COST = 140 Ps
OVER GENERATED BY 5%

210
420
FREQUENCY DIPPED TO 49.8 HZ
360
190
300
180
240
170
180
160
120
150
60
140
49
49.1
49.2
49.3
49.4
49.5
49.6
49.7
49.8
FREQ IN HZ --->
49.9
50
50.1
50.2
50.3
50.4
0
50.5
UI PRICE -->
GENERATION INCREASED BY 10 MW
200
210
420
200
360
190
300
180
240
170
180
160
120
150
60
140
49
49.1
49.2
49.3
49.4
49.5
49.6
49.7
49.8
FREQ IN HZ --->
49.9
50
50.1
50.2
50.3
50.4
0
50.5
UI PRICE -->
OVER GENERATED BY 5%

210
420
200
360
190
300
180
240
170
180
STEADY STATE OPERATION

160
120
AT 50 HZ GEN= 190MW
150
60
140
49
49.1
49.2
49.3
49.4
49.5
49.6
49.7
49.8
FREQ IN HZ --->
49.9
50
50.1
50.2
50.3
50.4
0
50.5
UI PRICE -->


INITIAL
210
420
FREQUENCY RISE UPTO 50.2 HZ
360
190
300
180
240
170
180
160
120
UI PRICE = 84 Ps
150
60
140
49
49.1
49.2
49.3
49.4
49.5
49.6
49.7
49.8
FREQ IN HZ --->
49.9
50
50.1
50.2
50.3
50.4
0
50.5
UI PRICE -->
GENERATION DECREASED BY 17MW
200
5% DROOP OF 210MW UNIT OF STATION B

INITIAL
210
420
FREQUENCY RISE UPTO 50.2 HZ
360
190
300
180
240
170
180
160
120
UI PRICE = 84 Ps
150
60
140
49
49.1
49.2
49.3
49.4
49.5
49.6
49.7
49.8
FREQ IN HZ --->
49.9
50
50.1
50.2
50.3
50.4
0
50.5
UI PRICE -->
GENERATION DECREASED BY 17MW
200
5% DROOP OF 210MW UNIT OF STATION B

SINCE VARIABLE COST OF
FINAL
STATION B < UI PRICE

210
420
200
360
190
300
180
240
170
180
160
120
150
60
140
49
49.1
49.2
49.3
49.4
49.5
49.6
49.7
49.8
FREQ IN HZ --->
49.9
50
50.1
50.2
50.3
50.4
0
50.5
UI PRICE -->
GENERATION INCREASED BY 17MW

SINCE VARIABLE COST OF
FINAL
STATION A > UI PRICE
420
GENERATION FURTHER REDUCED BY

17MW
200
360
190
300
180
240
170
180
160
120
150
60
140
49
49.1
49.2
49.3
49.4
49.5
49.6
49.7
49.8
FREQ IN HZ --->
49.9
50
50.1
50.2
50.3
50.4
0
50.5
UI PRICE -->
210
PROPORTIONAL CONTROL
A simple form of control, where the controller
response is proportional to the control error.
Kc
FB
Provides immediate controller response to setpoint

change, but speed may not settle exactly on SP using
proportional control alone
INTEGRAL CONTROL
Control action is control error integrated
over time.
Kc
1/Tc
fdt
FB
Integrates the error over time to overcome the

offset from Proportional alone such that speed =
SP. However, Integral action may cause
overshoot, oscillation and/or instability problems
PID Parameter Tuning PI

only
DIFFERENTIAL CONTROL
In differential control, control action is based on
the change (derivative) of the control error.
Kc
Td
df/dt
FB
Used to put the reigns on PI control to prevent

overshoot and oscillation and to add stability
PID CONTROL
A form of control based on the three basic
types of control: proportional, integral and
differential control. PID Controllers are
created by combining P, I and D elements to
get the desired control characteristic.
SUPPRESSED GOVERNOR OPERATION
OPEN
QUOTE
CERC ORDER ON IEGC DATED 22.02.2002
1.6
Free-Governor Action:
The dates from which the stipulations under sections 4.8(c), 4.8(d), 6.2(e), 6.2(f),
6.2(g) and 6.2(h) would come into effect shall be as under :
(i) All thermal generating units of installed capacity 200 MW and above and reservoir
based hydro units of installed capacity 50 MW and above :
Southern Region
}
}
Eastern Region
}
}
Northern Region
} The date for the
} implementation of the
Western Region
} Commercial mechanism
} mentioned in Section 7.1(d)
(ii)
All thermal and reservoir based hydro
} for the respective region.
generating units of installed capacity
}
10 MW and above in North Eastern Region
}
(iii)
All other generating units - three months after the above dates for the respective
regions except in the case of Nuclear Power Stations which shall be exempted till the next
review of the IEGC.
Any exemption from the above may be granted only by CERC for which the
concerned constituent shall file a petition in advance.
UNQUOTE
QUOTE
6.2(e)
All generating units, which are synchronised with the grid, irrespective of
their ownership, type and size, shall have their governors in normal operation at all
times. If any generating unit of over fifty (50) MW size (10 MW for North Eastern
Region) is required to be operated without its governor in normal operation, the
RLDC shall be immediately advised about the reason and duration of such
operation. All governors shall have a droop of between 3% and 6%.
6.2(f)
Facilities available with/in load limiters, Automatic Turbine Run up System
(ATRS), Turbine supervisory control, coordinated control system, etc. shall not be
used to suppress the normal governor action in any manner. No dead bands and/or
time delays shall be deliberately introduced.
UNQUOTE
QUOTE
6.2(g) All Generating Units, operating at/up to 100% of their Maximum Continuous
Rating (MCR) shall normally be capable of (and shall not in any way be prevented from)
instantaneously picking up five per cent (5%) extra load for at least five (5) minutes or
within technical limits prescribed by the manufacturer when frequency falls due to a
system contingency. The generating units operating at above 100% of their MCR shall
be capable of (and shall not be prevented from) going at least up to 105% of their MCR
when frequency falls suddenly. Any generating unit of over fifty (50) MW size (10 MW for
NER) not complying with the above requirement, shall be kept in operation
(synchronised with the Regional grid) only after obtaining the permission of RLDC.
However, the constituent can make up the corresponding short fall in spinning reserve
by maintaining an extra spinning reserve on the other generating units of the constituent.
UNQUOTE
QUOTE
6.2(h) The recommended rate for changing the governor setting, i.e. supplementary
control for increasing or decreasing the output (generation level) for all generating .units,
irrespective of their type and size, would be one (1.0) per cent per minute or as per
manufacturer's limits. However, if frequency falls below 49.5 Hz, all partly loaded
generating units shall pick up additional load at a faster rate, according to their capability.
UNQUOTE
FREE GOVERNOR MODE OF

OPERATION
CERC Order ON IEGC dated 21.12.1999
Quote
6.2 (c) All generating units, which are synchronised with the
grid, irrespective of their ownership, type and size, shall have
their governors in normal operation at all times. If any
generating unit of over fifty (50) MW size (10 MW for North
Eastern Region) is required to be operated without its governor
in normal operation, the RLDC shall be immediately advised
about the reason and duration of such operation. All governors
shall have a droop of between 3% and 6%.
Unquote
SRLDC Requested all constituents including ISGS vide letter
dated 3rd Jan 03 to take a lead in this matter.
FREE GOVERNOR MODE OF

OPERATION
The matter discussed in 368 OCC meeting
All SR constituents/ISGS agreed to convey their readiness by 21.01.2003
SRLDC again requested all constituents vide letter dt.21.01.03 to intimate unit/station wise status/ programme
Matter discussed in 109th TCC/131st SREB meeting.
ISGS/SR constituents agreed for FGM by 1st May 2003.
Discussed in 369th, 370th, 371st & 372nd OCC meetings.
KSEB & TNEB furnished unit wise/ station wise program/ constraint/ preparedness
APTRANSCO conveyed readiness for FGM of all generators except thermal units of APGENCO
Freq response characteristics calculation details covering 3 events furnished for examination & necessary
th
feedback by the constituents.
Constituents
Actual response
Shortfall
(AVG)
(AVG)
AP
2%
98 %
KAR
17 %
83 %
KER
29 %
71 %
TN
13 %
87 %
Matter again discussed in 110th TCC/132nd SREB meeting.
All SR constituents/ISGS agreed for FGM by 1st August 2003.
Action by constituents to achieve the target to be discussed.
Present status to be reviewed.

LETTERS
NLY-II U#4
NEYVELI U-4 ON FGM ON 19/06/2003
220
FREQUENCY
50.4
210
50.2
200
50
49.8
190
49.6
180
REDUCTION OF 21 MW IN 5 MTS
49.4
NYL U-4 GENERATION

170
49.2
160
11:00
49
11:15
11:30
11:45
12:00
12:15
12:30
12:45
13:00
Thank you

FGM in SR

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FGM in SR

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Presentation on

FREE GOVERNOR MODE OPERATION

FREE GOVERNOR OPERATION

GOVERNOR TIME LAG

FREQUENCY DECAY RATE

IEGC 6.2 (h)

IEGC 6.2 (e) & 6.2(f)

IEGC 6.2 (g)

ROLE OF SYSTEM OPERATOR

WHY DOES FREQUENCY DROP ?

turbine speed governors in generating

parameters applied to primary control are as

ABT AND GOVERNOR

ACHIEVED BY STAGGERING OF LOADS

FLUCTUATION IN FREQUENCY INCREASED

FREQUENCY COMPARISON FOR

Frequency Variation based on data integrated over ONE minute interval

HUMAN GOVERNOR OPERATION

WHEN THERE IS A CHANGE IN SYSTEM FREQUENCY GOVERNOR

In reality, Governors attempt to restore load generation balance, using

Respond promptly to a small change in

Dead band percent of

THE MINIMUM RATE OF CHANGE OF SPEED SHOULD NOT BE LESS THAN

5% DROOP ON 200MW GENERATOR

PARTICIPATION OF 5% DROOP ON 200MW & 500MW GENERATORS

GOVERNOR DROOP 5% (500MW UNIT)

GOVERNOR DROOP 5% (210MW UNIT)

RESPONSE BY A 500 MW GENERATOR WITH DIFFRENT DROOP

GOVERNOR TIME LAG

TIME DELAY IN GOVERNOR

During transient state Governor is of little help.

RESTORATION OF SYSTEM FREQUENCY TO NORMAL TAKES MORE

FREQUENCY DECAY RATE

Freq decay rate = (5 X 200) / 2000 =

NEYVELI U-4 ON FGM ON 19/06/2003

DROOP CHARACTERISTICS OF NYL U4

FREQ CHANGE 49.7 - >

NLY U6 ON FGM ON 15/07/03

DROOP CHARACTERISTICS OF NYL U6

FREQ CHANGE 49.9 - >

IDUKKI GENERATION ON 16/07/2003

DROOP CHARACTERSTICS OF IDUKKI

POINT A - GENERATION LOSS

FREE GOVERNOR OPERATION

Mother of all Controls

STEADY STATE OPERATION

5% DROOP OF 210MW UNIT OF STATION A

5% DROOP OF 210MW UNIT OF STATION A

FREQUENCY DIPPED TO 49.8 HZ

5% DROOP OF 210MW UNIT OF STATION A

STEADY STATE OPERATION

5% DROOP OF 210MW UNIT OF STATION A

5% DROOP OF 210MW UNIT OF STATION A

FREQUENCY RISE UPTO 50.2 HZ

GENERATION DECREASED BY 17MW

5% DROOP OF 210MW UNIT OF STATION B

FREQUENCY RISE UPTO 50.2 HZ

GENERATION DECREASED BY 17MW

5% DROOP OF 210MW UNIT OF STATION B

STATION B < UI PRICE

GENERATION INCREASED BY 17MW

5% DROOP OF 210MW UNIT OF STATION A