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FOREST PRODUCT ENGINEERING

INTRODUCTION
WHAT IS CHARCOAL?

Charcoal is a porous black solid, consisting of an


amorphous form of carbon, obtained as a residue when
wood, bone, or other organic matter is heated in the
absence of air.
Charcoal is a black substance that resembles coal and is
used as a source of fuel. It is generally made from
wood that has been burnt, or charred, while being
deprived of oxygen so that what's left is an impure
carbon residue. While charcoal is used in the
manufacture of various objects from crayons to filters,
its most common use is as a fuel.

PROCESS OF CHARCOAL MAKING

CHARCOAL THAT IS MADE FROM PURE


WOODS

PROCESS OF CHARCOAL MAKING

Construct a pit

Filling the pit with logs

Controlling the
fire temperature

PROCESS OF CHARCOAL MAKING

Cover the pit with flat metal


scraps and swathe with soil

Logs become charcoal after 3


days
Sorting according to
size and is now
ready to market

PROCESS OF CHARCOAL MAKING

CHARCOAL THAT IS MADE FROM PURE


WOODS
(WITH THE USE OF KILN)

PROCESS OF CHARCOAL MAKING

Prepared Log

Logs are then put


in the kiln
Kiln is occupied
with logs

PROCESS OF CHARCOAL MAKING

Kiln is ready to be lit

Burn is now under way


Base of the kiln
is slightly
raised off the
ground

PROCESS OF CHARCOAL MAKING

Cover the base of the


kiln with sand

Then let the lid fully down

Seal up the lid


with sand

PROCESS OF CHARCOAL MAKING

Four heavy metal


chimneys are now
placed

Waiting for change in


color from gray to
blue

PROCESS OF CHARCOAL MAKING

Let the kiln cool


down for 24 hours

Charcoal is now
ready to bragged up
and ready to be sold

PROCESS OF CHARCOAL MAKING

CHARCOAL THAT IS MADE FROM


AGRICULTURAL WASTE (BIOMASS)

PROCESS OF CHARCOAL MAKING

CHARCOAL THAT IS MADE FROM


AGRICULTURAL WASTE (BIOMASS)
NON-MECHANIZE

PROCESS OF CHARCOAL MAKING


CHARCOAL THAT IS MADE FROM
AGRICULTURAL WASTE (BIOMASS)
Pyrolysis various fuel sources into a pure charcoal form
Grind the charcoal into small particulates for better binding
Boil an optimal ratio of cassava powder and water to make a
cohesive paste (binder)
Mix an optimal ratio of cassava binder to charcoal dust
Press the charcoal briquette using the most effective and
efficient tool
Dry the briquettes fully to remove all moisture
Burn the briquettes and perform tests for quality and
efficiency

PROCESS OF CHARCOAL MAKING


CHARCOAL THAT IS MADE FROM
AGRICULTURAL WASTE (BIOMASS)
4 METHODS FOR PYROLYSIS

Underground burial burn (oxygen deprived)


Ground surface burn(oxygen deprived)
Surface Torre faction (open-air)
Ground oil drum burn(oxygen deprived)--with corn
cobs, not coffee shells

PROCESS OF CHARCOAL MAKING


CHARCOAL THAT IS MADE FROM
AGRICULTURAL WASTE (BIOMASS)
FIRST METHOD PYROLYSIS
Underground burial burn (oxygen deprived) Coffee Shells

PROCESS OF CHARCOAL MAKING


CHARCOAL THAT IS MADE FROM
AGRICULTURAL WASTE (BIOMASS)
SECOND METHOD PYROLYSIS
Ground surface burn(oxygen deprived)

PROCESS OF CHARCOAL MAKING


CHARCOAL THAT IS MADE FROM
AGRICULTURAL WASTE (BIOMASS)
THIRD METHOD PYROLYSIS
Surface Torre faction (open-air)

PROCESS OF CHARCOAL MAKING


CHARCOAL THAT IS MADE FROM
AGRICULTURAL WASTE (BIOMASS)
FOURTH METHOD PYROLYSIS
Corn cobs ground oil drum burn(oxygen deprived)

PROCESS OF CHARCOAL MAKING


CHARCOAL THAT IS MADE FROM
AGRICULTURAL WASTE (BIOMASS)
GRINDING THE COFFEE SHELLS

PROCESS OF CHARCOAL MAKING


CHARCOAL THAT IS MADE FROM
AGRICULTURAL WASTE (BIOMASS)
BOILING AND MIXING THE CASSAVA PASTE

PROCESS OF CHARCOAL MAKING


CHARCOAL THAT IS MADE FROM
AGRICULTURAL WASTE (BIOMASS)
PRESSING AND DRYING THE BRIQUETTING

PROCESS OF CHARCOAL MAKING


CHARCOAL THAT IS MADE FROM
AGRICULTURAL WASTE (BIOMASS)
BRIQUETTE BURN TEST, ANALYSIS, AND CONCERNS

PROCESS OF CHARCOAL MAKING

CHARCOAL THAT IS MADE FROM


AGRICULTURAL WASTE (BIOMASS)

PROCESS OF CHARCOAL MAKING

CHARCOAL THAT IS MADE FROM


AGRICULTURAL WASTE (BIOMASS)
MECHANIZE

CHARCOAL BRIQUETTING PROCESS FROM


AGRO-FORESTRY WASTE

CHARCOAL BRIQUETTING PROCESS FROM


AGRO-FORESTRY WASTE

STEP 1
Raw materials collecting is very simple because they
are easy to get. Almost all kinds of agro-forestry waste can be
used to make charcoal briquettes, like sawdust, crop straw,
wood branches, rice hull, etc. Before briquetting, the raw
materials need pre-processing so as to convenient for further
processing. Hammer mill is suitable for crushing different kinds
of straw or wood log with size less than 200mm(diameter).
After milled, the output diameter is 3-5mm, which is suitable
for further briquetting.

CHARCOAL BRIQUETTING PROCESS FROM


AGRO-FORESTRY WASTE
PRE-PROCESSING TOOLS

Wood Crusher

Wood Hammer Mill

Rotary Drum
Sawdust Dryer

Straw & Stalk


Crusher

Sawdust Flash Dryer

Conveyor System

CHARCOAL BRIQUETTING PROCESS FROM


AGRO-FORESTRY WASTE
STEP 2
Then we come to next step that is drying. As for raw
materials, the moisture content is high usually more than 12%,
so a sawdust dryer is necessary to help reduce the moisture
content. In addition, a boiler is also needed to generates hot air
and realize the purpose of drying.

CHARCOAL BRIQUETTING PROCESS FROM


AGRO-FORESTRY WASTE
STEP 3
Briquetting is the major process, and charcoal briquette
machine is the core machinery. The basic principle of the
briquetting machine is to compress the raw materials at high
temperature and then press the material into square outside with
middle empty and high density or prismatic briquette. In this
process, the moisture content needs to reach 8%-12%. If the
moisture content is high, the briquette may scatter; while the
moisture is low, the briquette may have cracks.

CHARCOAL BRIQUETTING PROCESS FROM


AGRO-FORESTRY WASTE
CHARCOAL BRIQUETTING MACHINE

CHARCOAL BRIQUETTING PROCESS FROM


AGRO-FORESTRY WASTE
CHARCOAL BRIQUETTING MACHINE
How to Make Charcoal Briquettes
1. Crushing the raw materials into size less than
5mm.
2. Dry the crushed materials to 8% -12%.
3. Pressing to raw material into briquette.
4. Carbonization

CHARCOAL BRIQUETTING PROCESS FROM


AGRO-FORESTRY WASTE

STEP 4
The last step is carbonization. This process makes the
wood briquette into charcoal briquette which is popular among
Barbeque (BBQ) lovers. Our furnace is of rational structure and
only needs small heat consumption. The carbonized charcoal
briquettes are high qualified and have longer burning time.

CHARCOAL BRIQUETTING PROCESS FROM


AGRO-FORESTRY WASTE
CARBONIZATION

CHARCOAL BRIQUETTING PROCESS FROM


AGRO-FORESTRY WASTE
CARBONIZATION
STAGE 1:

Briquettes Drying Stage

From the ignition until the temperature reach 160,


the biomass sticks moisture evaporates steadily
mainly depends on the heating resource and
independent burning value. There is no chemical
changes in this stage.

CHARCOAL BRIQUETTING PROCESS FROM


AGRO-FORESTRY WASTE
CARBONIZATION
STAGE 2:

Initial Carbonization Stage

This process mainly depends on the briquettes burning


to produce heat and makes the temperature rise to 160
280. The biomass briquettes start to have thermal
deposition. For example, the hemicellulose decompose into
CO2, CO and amount of acetic acid.

CHARCOAL BRIQUETTING PROCESS FROM


AGRO-FORESTRY WASTE
CARBONIZATION
STAGE 3
Comprehensive Carbonizing
Stage(temperature 300 650)
In this stage, the biomass material undertake
chemical decomposition radically. It produces much
acetic acid, carbinol and woo tar as well as
combustible gas including methane and ethylene.
These gas contributes to making a high temperature
and the biomass briquettes are distilled into charcoal.

CHARCOAL BRIQUETTING PROCESS FROM


AGRO-FORESTRY WASTE
THREE TYPES OF CARBONIZATION FURNACES

Self Ignite Furnace

Airflow
Carbonization
Furnace

Airflow Carbonization
Furnace

CHARCOAL BRIQUETTING PROCESS FROM


AGRO-FORESTRY WASTE
THREE TYPES OF CARBONIZATION FURNACES
Self-ignition Carbonization Furnace Features
This type charcoal carbonizing stove adopts self-ignition
principle to decompose the briquettes into combustible gas, wood tar
and charcoal. It can be applied to carbonize wood, logs, biomass
briquettes, fruit shell and bamboo, etc. This charcoal carbonization
machine is featured with easy operation, high efficiency, no smoke,
etc. Made of mobile steel plates, this machine has large effective
volume and long service time.

CHARCOAL BRIQUETTING PROCESS FROM


AGRO-FORESTRY WASTE
THREE TYPES OF CARBONIZATION FURNACES
Airflow Carbonization Stove Features
Adopting advanced thermal current technology, this
machine can greatly improve carbonizing rate from 80% to 99% .
The furnace effective volume is 3m, 5m, 6m, 8m, every
model can be customized.
Carbonizing rate is more than 40-60%, yield of finished
products is more than 95%.

REFERENCES

http://www.charcoalbriquettemachine.com/Application/how-to-makecharcoal-briquettes.html
https://wiki.duke.edu/display/engineerswithoutborders/Biomass+Charco
al
http://202.91.162.22/sub-dns/ulingtinudansapanginabuhi/Process%20of
%20Making%20An%20Uling/Process.htm
http://www.charcoalburners.co.uk/charcoal.php

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